MJN 2010 Issues
Malaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 16 No.1, 2010
Table of Content
REVIEW
Breast Milk Immunoprotection and the Common Mucosal Immune System: a Review
Prameela KK & Mohamed AEK
ABSTRACT
It is universally known that breastfeeding provides a broad spectrum of nutritional and non-nutritional advantages to the developing infant. Non-nutritive protecting potentials of breast milk towards different infections and non-infectious diseases are still attracting the attention of researchers in different specialties. The neonate, who is suddenly exposed to a wide variety of organisms, is in dire need of protection, enhancement and education of his immature immune system to encounter these organisms. The lactating mammary gland is an integral part of the common mucosal immune system which stands as a sentinel in combating pathogens that enter the body via the mucosal route. The common mucosal immune system also competently controls tolerance mechanisms to innocent proteins and is involved in surveillance of carcinogensis. The diverse roles of general mucosal immunity are nearly well established but the specialised functions of breast tissue and breast milk in boosting the immune responses need more emphasis and highlighting. The detailed understanding and evaluation of breast milk as an immunological tool is reviewed within the domain of the diverse activities of the common mucosal immune system.
Key words: Breastfeeding, breastmilk, common mucosal immune system, immunity, lactating mammary gland
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It is universally known that breastfeeding provides a broad spectrum of nutritional and non-nutritional advantages to the developing infant. Non-nutritive protecting potentials of breast milk towards different infections and non-infectious diseases are still attracting the attention of researchers in different specialties. The neonate, who is suddenly exposed to a wide variety of organisms, is in dire need of protection, enhancement and education of his immature immune system to encounter these organisms. The lactating mammary gland is an integral part of the common mucosal immune system which stands as a sentinel in combating pathogens that enter the body via the mucosal route. The common mucosal immune system also competently controls tolerance mechanisms to innocent proteins and is involved in surveillance of carcinogensis. The diverse roles of general mucosal immunity are nearly well established but the specialised functions of breast tissue and breast milk in boosting the immune responses need more emphasis and highlighting. The detailed understanding and evaluation of breast milk as an immunological tool is reviewed within the domain of the diverse activities of the common mucosal immune system.
Key words: Breastfeeding, breastmilk, common mucosal immune system, immunity, lactating mammary gland
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Physical Activity Pattern and Energy Expenditure of Malaysian Adults: Findings from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS)
Poh BK, Safiah MY, Tahir A, Siti Haslinda MD, Siti Norazlin N, Norimah AK, Wan Manan WM, Mirnalini K, Zalilah MS, Azmi MY & Fatimah S
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to report the physical activity pattern and energy expenditure of adults aged 18 – 59 years in the Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS) carried out between October 2002 and December 2003. The survey included 7349 adults representative of Peninsular Malaysia (Northern, Southern, Central and East Coast), as well as Sabah and Sarawak. A total of 6926 adults, comprising 3343 men and 3583 women, completed the physical activity section of the survey. Physical activity data was obtained using a physical activity questionnaire and 24-hour physical activity recall. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was calculated from Ismail et al. (1998) predictive equations; total energy expenditure (TEE) was then estimated through factorial calculations based on time allocated and energy cost of various activities. Physical activity level (PAL) was calculated as the ratio of TEE to BMR. It was found that almost three-quarters of Malaysian adults travelled by passive modes of transportation. Only a third reported having ever-exercised, and an even smaller proportion of the population (14%) had adequate exercise. The population also spent the majority of their time (74% of the day) in sedentary activities, such as sleeping or lying down; doing light intensity activities (15% of the day), and doing moderate to vigorous intensity activities (10% of the day). Mean BMR and TEE was significantly higher amongst men than women, while mean PAL values were similar for men [1.6 (1.6 – 1.7)] and women [1.6 (1.6 – 1.6)]. More men (16%) were categorised as having active PAL compared to women (10%), while more women (43%) were categorised as having sedentary PAL compared to their male counterparts (37%). The present study provides the first in-depth report of the physical activity pattern, and national estimates of energy expenditure and physical activity levels of Malaysian adults, and concluded that Malaysian adults are generally sedentary. It is thus important that physical activity be further promoted and integrated into the lives of the population, preferably through various health promotion efforts as well as through the commitment of the authorities in providing a suitable environment for an active lifestyle.
Key words: Adults, energy expenditure, MANS, physical activity pattern
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This paper aims to report the physical activity pattern and energy expenditure of adults aged 18 – 59 years in the Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS) carried out between October 2002 and December 2003. The survey included 7349 adults representative of Peninsular Malaysia (Northern, Southern, Central and East Coast), as well as Sabah and Sarawak. A total of 6926 adults, comprising 3343 men and 3583 women, completed the physical activity section of the survey. Physical activity data was obtained using a physical activity questionnaire and 24-hour physical activity recall. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was calculated from Ismail et al. (1998) predictive equations; total energy expenditure (TEE) was then estimated through factorial calculations based on time allocated and energy cost of various activities. Physical activity level (PAL) was calculated as the ratio of TEE to BMR. It was found that almost three-quarters of Malaysian adults travelled by passive modes of transportation. Only a third reported having ever-exercised, and an even smaller proportion of the population (14%) had adequate exercise. The population also spent the majority of their time (74% of the day) in sedentary activities, such as sleeping or lying down; doing light intensity activities (15% of the day), and doing moderate to vigorous intensity activities (10% of the day). Mean BMR and TEE was significantly higher amongst men than women, while mean PAL values were similar for men [1.6 (1.6 – 1.7)] and women [1.6 (1.6 – 1.6)]. More men (16%) were categorised as having active PAL compared to women (10%), while more women (43%) were categorised as having sedentary PAL compared to their male counterparts (37%). The present study provides the first in-depth report of the physical activity pattern, and national estimates of energy expenditure and physical activity levels of Malaysian adults, and concluded that Malaysian adults are generally sedentary. It is thus important that physical activity be further promoted and integrated into the lives of the population, preferably through various health promotion efforts as well as through the commitment of the authorities in providing a suitable environment for an active lifestyle.
Key words: Adults, energy expenditure, MANS, physical activity pattern
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A Qualitative Study on Coping Strategies among Women from Food Insecurity Households in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan
Norhasmah S, Zalilah MS, Mohd Nasir MT, Kandiah M & Asnarulkhadi AS
ABSTRACT
Understanding the experiences of household food insecurity is essential for better measurement and assessment of its nutritional, physical and psychological consequences. This qualitative study explored coping strategies and their perceived severity in relation to household food insecurity. Women (n=57; 20-50 years old) from rural and urban areas in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan participated in this study. These women were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into two parts, that is, demographic and socio-economic information and women’s experiences of coping with household food insecurity. Women were chosen since they were primarily responsible for food acquisition and preparation for the all household members. Thematic analysis was utilied in data analysis. Thematic analysis is a method for identifying, analysing and reporting patterns and themes of the qualitative data. Themes capture something important related to the study objectives and describe an integrating as well as relational idea from the data. Results showed that households displayed a variety of non-food related coping strategies and food-related coping strategies. Women’s descriptions of non-food related coping strategies to food insecurity were categorised into five themes i.e. cloth purchasing behaviors, reduce school-going children’s expenditure, delay the payment of bills, adjust lifestyle and increase cash and income earning. Food-related coping strategies were categorised into four themes i.e. food stretching, food rationing, food seeking and food anxiety. Food stretching is a strategy of food insecurity that affects the quality of diet. Food rationing comprises coping strategies of food insecurity related to the quantity of food available for household’s consumption. Food seeking is a strategy of acquiring food through socially unacceptable ways and food anxiety is a strategy that indicates households allocating money to buy staple food in order to prevent food insecurity. Each coping strategy showed a different level of perceived severity, that is, less severe, quite severe, severe and very severe. In conclusion, the qualitative data provide valuable information for understanding the experiences of food insecurity that can be used as a basis to develop direct indicators that can capture the core behaviours and their level of severity to measure household food insecurity.
Key words: Coping strategies, food insecurity households, women
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Understanding the experiences of household food insecurity is essential for better measurement and assessment of its nutritional, physical and psychological consequences. This qualitative study explored coping strategies and their perceived severity in relation to household food insecurity. Women (n=57; 20-50 years old) from rural and urban areas in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan participated in this study. These women were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into two parts, that is, demographic and socio-economic information and women’s experiences of coping with household food insecurity. Women were chosen since they were primarily responsible for food acquisition and preparation for the all household members. Thematic analysis was utilied in data analysis. Thematic analysis is a method for identifying, analysing and reporting patterns and themes of the qualitative data. Themes capture something important related to the study objectives and describe an integrating as well as relational idea from the data. Results showed that households displayed a variety of non-food related coping strategies and food-related coping strategies. Women’s descriptions of non-food related coping strategies to food insecurity were categorised into five themes i.e. cloth purchasing behaviors, reduce school-going children’s expenditure, delay the payment of bills, adjust lifestyle and increase cash and income earning. Food-related coping strategies were categorised into four themes i.e. food stretching, food rationing, food seeking and food anxiety. Food stretching is a strategy of food insecurity that affects the quality of diet. Food rationing comprises coping strategies of food insecurity related to the quantity of food available for household’s consumption. Food seeking is a strategy of acquiring food through socially unacceptable ways and food anxiety is a strategy that indicates households allocating money to buy staple food in order to prevent food insecurity. Each coping strategy showed a different level of perceived severity, that is, less severe, quite severe, severe and very severe. In conclusion, the qualitative data provide valuable information for understanding the experiences of food insecurity that can be used as a basis to develop direct indicators that can capture the core behaviours and their level of severity to measure household food insecurity.
Key words: Coping strategies, food insecurity households, women
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Nutritional Status of Orang Asli (Che Wong Tribe) Adults in Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang
Haemamalar K, Zalilah MS & Neng Azhanie A
ABSTRACT
This is a descriptive study on nutritional status of Orang Asli (Che Wong tribe) adults in Krau Wildlife Reserve. Twenty-six households, comprising 29 men and 28 women, participated in the study. Dietary diversity was assessed using food frequency questionnaire with 37 food groups. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured using standard instruments. The mean age for men and women was 39.9 ± 17.1 years and 33.7 ± 16.1 years, respectively. Most (89.5%) of the adults had no formal education and about 89.5% of households were categorised as poor. There were 13.8% underweight, 72.4% normal, 10.3% overweight and 3.3% obese men. For women, 25.0%, 46.4%, and 28.6% were underweight, normal and overweight, respectively. While none of the men had at-risk waist circumference (men >90 cm), about 21.4% of women had waist circumference of >80 cm. The mean dietary diversity score was 9.47 ± 4.15 with men (9.48 ± 3.70) and women (9.46 ± 4.63) having similar scores. There was a significant correlation between waist circumference and household income (r=0.36, p<0.01); however, the association was only significant in women (r=0.50, p<0.01). Although under-nutrition still prevails, there are emerging cases of overweight and obesity in this rural Orang Asli community undergoing nutrition transition especially among the females.
Key words: Dietary diversity, obesity, Orang Asli, underweight
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This is a descriptive study on nutritional status of Orang Asli (Che Wong tribe) adults in Krau Wildlife Reserve. Twenty-six households, comprising 29 men and 28 women, participated in the study. Dietary diversity was assessed using food frequency questionnaire with 37 food groups. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured using standard instruments. The mean age for men and women was 39.9 ± 17.1 years and 33.7 ± 16.1 years, respectively. Most (89.5%) of the adults had no formal education and about 89.5% of households were categorised as poor. There were 13.8% underweight, 72.4% normal, 10.3% overweight and 3.3% obese men. For women, 25.0%, 46.4%, and 28.6% were underweight, normal and overweight, respectively. While none of the men had at-risk waist circumference (men >90 cm), about 21.4% of women had waist circumference of >80 cm. The mean dietary diversity score was 9.47 ± 4.15 with men (9.48 ± 3.70) and women (9.46 ± 4.63) having similar scores. There was a significant correlation between waist circumference and household income (r=0.36, p<0.01); however, the association was only significant in women (r=0.50, p<0.01). Although under-nutrition still prevails, there are emerging cases of overweight and obesity in this rural Orang Asli community undergoing nutrition transition especially among the females.
Key words: Dietary diversity, obesity, Orang Asli, underweight
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Comparison of Food Choice Motives between Malay Husbands and Wives in an Urban Community
Asma A, Nawalyah AG, Rokiah MY & Mohd Nasir MT
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study was to determine the motives underlying the selection of foods between husbands and wives in an urban community. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia among 150 married couples aged 20 and above, who voluntarily agreed to participate and were not on any special diet. Data were collected using the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) which measured the health-related and non health-related factor that influence people’s food choices. It consisted of 36 items designed to assess the reported importance of nine factors: health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal, natural content, price, weight control, familiarity, and ethical concern. In this study, the FCQ was adapted and a new factor, religion (religious guidelines), was included. Demographic characteristics including age, occupation, education, household income and household size were also collected. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16. Results showed that 40.7% of husbands (mean age=43.33 + 11.16 years) and 55.3% of wives (mean age=41.28 + 10.93 years) perceived themselves as the main food shopper while 12.0% of the husbands and 85.3% of the wives perceived themselves as the main meal planner. Husbands rated religion as the most prominent factor in food choice motives with a mean average rating of 4.56 + 0.59 on a 5-point rating scale, followed by health and convenience factor. Meanwhile, the wives rated health as the most essential factor with mean average rating of 4.49 + 0.58, followed by religion and convenience factor. Sensory appeal, ethical concerns and familiarity were rated as the bottom three factors of food choice motives among these two groups. Price of foods was not considered as an important factor in making food choices for the subjects in this study. In conclusion, the husbands and wives of this urban community rated religion, health and convenience as the three most important food choice motives in food selection.
Key words: Food choice motives, Malay husbands, Malay wives, urban community
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The main objective of this study was to determine the motives underlying the selection of foods between husbands and wives in an urban community. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia among 150 married couples aged 20 and above, who voluntarily agreed to participate and were not on any special diet. Data were collected using the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) which measured the health-related and non health-related factor that influence people’s food choices. It consisted of 36 items designed to assess the reported importance of nine factors: health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal, natural content, price, weight control, familiarity, and ethical concern. In this study, the FCQ was adapted and a new factor, religion (religious guidelines), was included. Demographic characteristics including age, occupation, education, household income and household size were also collected. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16. Results showed that 40.7% of husbands (mean age=43.33 + 11.16 years) and 55.3% of wives (mean age=41.28 + 10.93 years) perceived themselves as the main food shopper while 12.0% of the husbands and 85.3% of the wives perceived themselves as the main meal planner. Husbands rated religion as the most prominent factor in food choice motives with a mean average rating of 4.56 + 0.59 on a 5-point rating scale, followed by health and convenience factor. Meanwhile, the wives rated health as the most essential factor with mean average rating of 4.49 + 0.58, followed by religion and convenience factor. Sensory appeal, ethical concerns and familiarity were rated as the bottom three factors of food choice motives among these two groups. Price of foods was not considered as an important factor in making food choices for the subjects in this study. In conclusion, the husbands and wives of this urban community rated religion, health and convenience as the three most important food choice motives in food selection.
Key words: Food choice motives, Malay husbands, Malay wives, urban community
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Relationship between Frequency of Sugary Food and Drink Consumption with Occurrence of Dental Caries among Preschool Children in Titiwangsa, Kuala Lumpur
Zahara AM, Fashihah MH & Nurul AY
ABSTRACT
Dental caries are attributed to various factors including diet. The present cross-sectional study determined the frequency of sugary food and drink consumption and defined its relationship to dental caries among preschool children. A total of 50 preschoolers (aged 5-6 years) in three kindergartens of the Department of Community Development (KEMAS) in Titiwangsa, Kuala Lumpur participated in this study. A set of structured questionnaires was used to assess the frequency of sugary food and drink consumption. Dental check ups were performed by a dentist. The dft index (decayed, filled teeth) was used to describe incidence of caries in subjects. Results showed that 62% of the subjects had dental caries. with the mean dft score being 3.72. The frequency of sugary food consumption by the majority of subjects was 2 times a day, while the frequency of sugary drink consumption was more than 3 times a day. There was no significant relationship between frequency of sugary food and drink consumption with incidence of caries. Subjects with high dft scores were more likely to report dental pain. The prevalence of dental caries in preschoolers in this study was high, indicating a need for effective dental health promotion to improve dental health status of this age group.
Key words: Dental caries, preschool children, sugary food and drink consumption
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Dental caries are attributed to various factors including diet. The present cross-sectional study determined the frequency of sugary food and drink consumption and defined its relationship to dental caries among preschool children. A total of 50 preschoolers (aged 5-6 years) in three kindergartens of the Department of Community Development (KEMAS) in Titiwangsa, Kuala Lumpur participated in this study. A set of structured questionnaires was used to assess the frequency of sugary food and drink consumption. Dental check ups were performed by a dentist. The dft index (decayed, filled teeth) was used to describe incidence of caries in subjects. Results showed that 62% of the subjects had dental caries. with the mean dft score being 3.72. The frequency of sugary food consumption by the majority of subjects was 2 times a day, while the frequency of sugary drink consumption was more than 3 times a day. There was no significant relationship between frequency of sugary food and drink consumption with incidence of caries. Subjects with high dft scores were more likely to report dental pain. The prevalence of dental caries in preschoolers in this study was high, indicating a need for effective dental health promotion to improve dental health status of this age group.
Key words: Dental caries, preschool children, sugary food and drink consumption
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Calcium Intake among Myanmar Residing in Bago, Kayin, and Yangon Areas
Phyu Phyu Aung, Mya Ohnmar, Moh Moh Hlaing, Moe Thida Kyaw, Aye Aye Than, Theingi Thwin & Tin Khine Myint
ABSTRACT
A cross-sectional survey combined with 24-hour dietary recall and food diary was undertaken to assess the calcium intake of the Myanmar population. The study was conducted from November 2003 to October 2005. A total of 886 subjects of both sexes aged above 2 years from three States and Divisions (Bago, Kayin, and Yangon) of Myanmar were included in the study. The major measures were mean daily calcium intake (mg/day) and major sources of calcium in the diet. Overall mean calcium intake was 197+13mg/day (2-9 years), 421 +2mg/day (10-19 years), 399+21 mg/day (20-49 years), and 383+25mg/day (>50 years) for males, while the corresponding values for females were 207+17 mg/day, 366+19 mg/day, 387+16 mg/day, and 327 +19 mg/day. Calcium intake was less than 80% of the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for Myanmar for ages 2-9 years and 10-29 years in all the study areas, and for the 50 years and above age group in Yangon. Fish paste was found to be the major source of calcium. Milk and milk products contributed very little to total calcium intake, contributing 2.1% for residents in Yangon, 5.1% in Pa-an and none in Bago. Consumption of calcium-rich foods, particularly milk and milk products, should be encouraged among the Myanmar people. Towards this end, appropriate nutrition education materials should be developed for promotional purposes.
Key words: Calcium intake, food sources, Myanmar
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A cross-sectional survey combined with 24-hour dietary recall and food diary was undertaken to assess the calcium intake of the Myanmar population. The study was conducted from November 2003 to October 2005. A total of 886 subjects of both sexes aged above 2 years from three States and Divisions (Bago, Kayin, and Yangon) of Myanmar were included in the study. The major measures were mean daily calcium intake (mg/day) and major sources of calcium in the diet. Overall mean calcium intake was 197+13mg/day (2-9 years), 421 +2mg/day (10-19 years), 399+21 mg/day (20-49 years), and 383+25mg/day (>50 years) for males, while the corresponding values for females were 207+17 mg/day, 366+19 mg/day, 387+16 mg/day, and 327 +19 mg/day. Calcium intake was less than 80% of the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for Myanmar for ages 2-9 years and 10-29 years in all the study areas, and for the 50 years and above age group in Yangon. Fish paste was found to be the major source of calcium. Milk and milk products contributed very little to total calcium intake, contributing 2.1% for residents in Yangon, 5.1% in Pa-an and none in Bago. Consumption of calcium-rich foods, particularly milk and milk products, should be encouraged among the Myanmar people. Towards this end, appropriate nutrition education materials should be developed for promotional purposes.
Key words: Calcium intake, food sources, Myanmar
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Assessment of Physical Activity Level among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Cheras Health Clinic, Kuala Lumpur
Nor Shazwani MN, Suzana S, Hanis Mastura Y, Lim CJ, Teh SC, Mohd Fauzee MZ, Lim HC, Dahlia S & Norliza M
ABSTRACT
A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the physical activity levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) at Cheras Health Clinic in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 132 subjects (62 men and 70 women) aged 30 years and above participated in this study. Data was collected using an interview based questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic and health profile information. Physical activity was assessed using a shortened version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Anthropometric measurements and body fat were also taken. Glycaemic status, that is, HbA1c, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and 2 hours post-prandial (2-HPP) were obtained from medical records. Results showed that the mean age of the patients was 51.9 + 5.8 years. The majority of patients had poor glycaemic control based on HbA1c (70.7%), FBS (71.9%) and 2HPP (85.4%). Patients who were unmarried and aged(60 years and above had a lower physical activity level (p<0.05). In the older age group, low physical activity was associated with poor glycaemic control (p<0.05). Patients in the moderate and high physical activity level were motivated to perform physical activity so as to be healthy (68.1%). Low physical activity level among patients was due to lack of time (54.5%) and lack of energy (21.2%). In conclusion, physical activity levels of the patients were unsatisfactory and associated with poor glycaemic control, especially in the elderly. There is a need to encourage diabetic patients to undertake regular physical activity in order to achieve optimal glycaemic control.
Key words: Health clinic, physical activity level, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the physical activity levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) at Cheras Health Clinic in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 132 subjects (62 men and 70 women) aged 30 years and above participated in this study. Data was collected using an interview based questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic and health profile information. Physical activity was assessed using a shortened version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Anthropometric measurements and body fat were also taken. Glycaemic status, that is, HbA1c, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and 2 hours post-prandial (2-HPP) were obtained from medical records. Results showed that the mean age of the patients was 51.9 + 5.8 years. The majority of patients had poor glycaemic control based on HbA1c (70.7%), FBS (71.9%) and 2HPP (85.4%). Patients who were unmarried and aged(60 years and above had a lower physical activity level (p<0.05). In the older age group, low physical activity was associated with poor glycaemic control (p<0.05). Patients in the moderate and high physical activity level were motivated to perform physical activity so as to be healthy (68.1%). Low physical activity level among patients was due to lack of time (54.5%) and lack of energy (21.2%). In conclusion, physical activity levels of the patients were unsatisfactory and associated with poor glycaemic control, especially in the elderly. There is a need to encourage diabetic patients to undertake regular physical activity in order to achieve optimal glycaemic control.
Key words: Health clinic, physical activity level, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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Messages of the Newly Proposed Malaysian Dietary Guidelines (MDG): Do Adults in Kuala Lumpur Understand Them?
Norimah AK, Hwong CS, Liew WC, Ruzita AT, Siti Sa’adiah HN & Ismail MN
ABSTRACT
The Malaysian Dietary Guidelines (MDG) with eight key messages were first published in 1999. An updated version consisting of 14 key messages is being developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the understanding of five key messages of the updated MDG among adults aged 18-59 years in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 773 adults comprising 330 Malays, 364 Chinese and 79 Indians were included in the study. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data and to determine the level of understanding of key words and messages to be included in the new MDG. The results showed that 63% of the subjects were not aware of the existence of the MDG published in 1999. Overall, the understanding of the five messages in the updated MDG was moderate with a mean score of 60.0 ± 16.5. Between 52% to 93% of the subjects did not understand such key words as serving size, sedentary habits, blended vegetable oil and shortenings. The mean scores of understanding were significantly higher (p< 0.05) among the Chinese subjects (61.3 + 17.8) than Malays (58.6 + 14.2) and Indians (60.0 + 18.9). The younger subjects (61.2 + 16.0) scored significantly (p< 0.05) higher than the older (58.7 + 17.0) counterparts. There was also a significant association between the level of understanding of MDG with education level (p<0.001) and occupational status (p<0.001), respectively. This study suggests that some key words and messages in the updated MDG should be simplified to ensure that they are understood by Malaysians.
Key words: Malaysian Dietary Guideline, adults, messages, understanding
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The Malaysian Dietary Guidelines (MDG) with eight key messages were first published in 1999. An updated version consisting of 14 key messages is being developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the understanding of five key messages of the updated MDG among adults aged 18-59 years in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 773 adults comprising 330 Malays, 364 Chinese and 79 Indians were included in the study. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data and to determine the level of understanding of key words and messages to be included in the new MDG. The results showed that 63% of the subjects were not aware of the existence of the MDG published in 1999. Overall, the understanding of the five messages in the updated MDG was moderate with a mean score of 60.0 ± 16.5. Between 52% to 93% of the subjects did not understand such key words as serving size, sedentary habits, blended vegetable oil and shortenings. The mean scores of understanding were significantly higher (p< 0.05) among the Chinese subjects (61.3 + 17.8) than Malays (58.6 + 14.2) and Indians (60.0 + 18.9). The younger subjects (61.2 + 16.0) scored significantly (p< 0.05) higher than the older (58.7 + 17.0) counterparts. There was also a significant association between the level of understanding of MDG with education level (p<0.001) and occupational status (p<0.001), respectively. This study suggests that some key words and messages in the updated MDG should be simplified to ensure that they are understood by Malaysians.
Key words: Malaysian Dietary Guideline, adults, messages, understanding
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DietPLUS - a User-friendly ‘2 in 1’ Food Composition Database and Calculator of Nutrient Intakes
Tony Ng KW
ABSTRACT
The teaching and research tool called ‘DietPLUS’, developed by the present author at an institution of higher learning in 2007, contains nutrient information of 840 food items in Excel format. DietPLUS functions as a 2-in-1’ food composition database plus a rapid calculator of nutrient intakes, with the option of ‘collapsing’ the food composition face leaving only the nutrient calculator face. The macronutrients featured in the programme are energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, sugars (intrinsic + added), polyunsatuared omega-6 fatty acids (mainly linoleic acid, LA) and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids [alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) or eicosapentaenic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenolic acid (DHA)]. The micronutrients in the programme are vitamin A (as retinol equivalents, RE), vitamin C, thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), and niacin. Cholesterol content was included to complete the list of food components tabled. Food items consumed are converted into gram quantities (edible portion) and are entered in one column in the Excel programme which emphasises the simplicity and user-friendliness of the present nutrient calculator. DietPLUS instantaneously sums up the macronutrients and micronutrients consumed with each subsequent entry. Macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, sugars and dietary fibre) consumed are presented as gram quantities and a percentage of the Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Malaysia 2005. An approximate number of servings are also provided for vegetables, fruits, legumes, fish and meat, which may be useful in meal planning and nutrition/dietetic counselling.
Key words: -
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The teaching and research tool called ‘DietPLUS’, developed by the present author at an institution of higher learning in 2007, contains nutrient information of 840 food items in Excel format. DietPLUS functions as a 2-in-1’ food composition database plus a rapid calculator of nutrient intakes, with the option of ‘collapsing’ the food composition face leaving only the nutrient calculator face. The macronutrients featured in the programme are energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, sugars (intrinsic + added), polyunsatuared omega-6 fatty acids (mainly linoleic acid, LA) and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids [alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) or eicosapentaenic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenolic acid (DHA)]. The micronutrients in the programme are vitamin A (as retinol equivalents, RE), vitamin C, thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), and niacin. Cholesterol content was included to complete the list of food components tabled. Food items consumed are converted into gram quantities (edible portion) and are entered in one column in the Excel programme which emphasises the simplicity and user-friendliness of the present nutrient calculator. DietPLUS instantaneously sums up the macronutrients and micronutrients consumed with each subsequent entry. Macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, sugars and dietary fibre) consumed are presented as gram quantities and a percentage of the Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Malaysia 2005. An approximate number of servings are also provided for vegetables, fruits, legumes, fish and meat, which may be useful in meal planning and nutrition/dietetic counselling.
Key words: -
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Proposed New Anthropometric Indices of Childhood Undernutrition
Kaushik Bose & Gopal Chandra Mandal
ABSTRACT
The three conventional anthropometric indicators of childhood undernutrition are stunting (low height-for-age), underweight (low weight-for-age) and wasting (low weight-for-height). Recently a new composite index, namely the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) has been proposed and utilised to study childhood undernutrition. In this paper, we have attempted to construct three new indices of undernutrition, relative to the CIAF. These three indices are: Stunting Index (SI) = Stunting / CIAF, Underweight Index (UI) = Underweight / CIAF and Wasting Index (WI) = Wasting / CIAF. Furthermore, we have calculated and compared these indices using our dataset as well as other existing datasets. Using our dataset, the sex-combined values of SI, UI and WI were 0.364, 0.866 and 0.684, respectively. The corresponding values among boys were 0.364, 0.866 and 0.729. Among girls, they were 0.380, 0.866 and 0.641, respectively. When applied to the all India dataset, the values of SI, UI and WI were 0.756, 0.788 and 0.266, respectively. Similar values (SI = 0.723, UI = 0.681, WI = 0.294) were observed when they were computed on data available from Coimbatore, South India. In conclusion, we suggest that these three new indices provide additional information on the prevalence of different forms of undernutrition relative to the total level of undernutrition in a particular population.
Key words: Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure, Stunting Index, Underweight Index, Wasting Index
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The three conventional anthropometric indicators of childhood undernutrition are stunting (low height-for-age), underweight (low weight-for-age) and wasting (low weight-for-height). Recently a new composite index, namely the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) has been proposed and utilised to study childhood undernutrition. In this paper, we have attempted to construct three new indices of undernutrition, relative to the CIAF. These three indices are: Stunting Index (SI) = Stunting / CIAF, Underweight Index (UI) = Underweight / CIAF and Wasting Index (WI) = Wasting / CIAF. Furthermore, we have calculated and compared these indices using our dataset as well as other existing datasets. Using our dataset, the sex-combined values of SI, UI and WI were 0.364, 0.866 and 0.684, respectively. The corresponding values among boys were 0.364, 0.866 and 0.729. Among girls, they were 0.380, 0.866 and 0.641, respectively. When applied to the all India dataset, the values of SI, UI and WI were 0.756, 0.788 and 0.266, respectively. Similar values (SI = 0.723, UI = 0.681, WI = 0.294) were observed when they were computed on data available from Coimbatore, South India. In conclusion, we suggest that these three new indices provide additional information on the prevalence of different forms of undernutrition relative to the total level of undernutrition in a particular population.
Key words: Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure, Stunting Index, Underweight Index, Wasting Index
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Dietary Intake of Spices and Herbs in Habitual Northeast Thai Diets
Tantipopipat S, Boonpraderm A, Charoenkiatkul S, Wasantwisut E & Winichagoon P
ABSTRACT
Spices and herbs are rich in polyphenols and widely used in habitual diets in the tropical regions. To elucidate their effects on human health, intake of the portion of spices and herbs from habitual diets should be determined. Consumption patterns were determined from 24-hour records or recalls of 181 men and 370 women in Khonkaen and Ubon Ratchathani provinces, representing upper and lower northeast Thailand. There was a slight variation in dishes, but twelve spices/herbs were commonly used in the two areas. The amounts of spices/herbs in the four most common dishes (Somtum, Jaew, Pon and Kang-Nor-Mai) were estimated by weighing ingredients before and after cooking. The average amount of spices/herbs consumed was 4.9, 26.1, 14 and 11 g/meal, contributing 36.6, 43.1, 20.6 and 29.8 mg polyphenols/meal for Somtum, Jaew, Pon and Kang-Nor-Mai, respectively. Chili was common in all recipes, with an average amount of 8.3-27.5 mg polyphenols/meal. In conclusion, habitual northeast Thai diets contain several spices/herbs and a substantial amount of polyphenols was commonly consumed.
Key words: Herbs, Northeast diets, polyphenols, portion size, spices, Thailand
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Spices and herbs are rich in polyphenols and widely used in habitual diets in the tropical regions. To elucidate their effects on human health, intake of the portion of spices and herbs from habitual diets should be determined. Consumption patterns were determined from 24-hour records or recalls of 181 men and 370 women in Khonkaen and Ubon Ratchathani provinces, representing upper and lower northeast Thailand. There was a slight variation in dishes, but twelve spices/herbs were commonly used in the two areas. The amounts of spices/herbs in the four most common dishes (Somtum, Jaew, Pon and Kang-Nor-Mai) were estimated by weighing ingredients before and after cooking. The average amount of spices/herbs consumed was 4.9, 26.1, 14 and 11 g/meal, contributing 36.6, 43.1, 20.6 and 29.8 mg polyphenols/meal for Somtum, Jaew, Pon and Kang-Nor-Mai, respectively. Chili was common in all recipes, with an average amount of 8.3-27.5 mg polyphenols/meal. In conclusion, habitual northeast Thai diets contain several spices/herbs and a substantial amount of polyphenols was commonly consumed.
Key words: Herbs, Northeast diets, polyphenols, portion size, spices, Thailand
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Antioxidant Levels and Activities of Selected Seeds of Malaysian Tropical Fruits
Norshazila S, Syed Zahir I, Mustapha Suleiman K, Aisyah MR & Kamarul Rahim K
ABSTRACT
The aims of this study are to determine and compare the antioxidant levels and activities (i.e. primary and secondary) between selected seeds of Malaysian tropical fruits - guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica L.) and papaya (Carica papaya L.). Seeds are among byproducts from the processing of fruits-based products. Instead of discarding seeds as waste, seeds with high potential as antioxidants could be utilised for commercial purposes. Accordingly, the selected seeds of Malaysian tropical fruits were tested in this study for total phenolic content (TPC), free radical scavenging activity by 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and metal ion chelating effect by ferrous ion chelating (FIC) assay. Extraction of antioxidant compounds from sample was done with 70% ethanol. TPCs of the seeds were expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in mg per 100 g fresh seed weight. TPC assay showed that mango seeds had the highest TPC (i.e. 32 ± 0.001 mg GAE) followed by guava seeds (i.e. 20 ± 0.001 mg GAE) and papaya seeds (8 ± 0.003 mg GAE). For DPPH assay, IC50 data showed that mango seed extract scavenged 50% DPPH radicals at the lowest concentration (0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL) followed by the positive control BHA (0.13 ± 0.01 mg/mL), guava seed extract (0.26 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and papaya seed extract (0.34 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Interestingly, all seed extracts showed higher free radical scavenging activities than BHA after sample concentration of 0.60 mg/mL. However, FIC assay indicated that metal ion chelating effects of all seed extracts were weaker than BHA suggesting that the fruit seeds are not sources of good metal ion chelators. Overall, present results suggest that TPC of the seeds show strong negative correlation with their primary antioxidant activity (r= -0.985, R2 = 0.970), and not all compounds in extracts which could scavenge DPPH radicals are good metal ion chelators. Mango seeds relatively showed the highest antioxidant level and primary antioxidant activity followed by guava seeds and papaya seeds.
Key words: Antioxidant levels, Malaysian tropical fruits, seeds
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The aims of this study are to determine and compare the antioxidant levels and activities (i.e. primary and secondary) between selected seeds of Malaysian tropical fruits - guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica L.) and papaya (Carica papaya L.). Seeds are among byproducts from the processing of fruits-based products. Instead of discarding seeds as waste, seeds with high potential as antioxidants could be utilised for commercial purposes. Accordingly, the selected seeds of Malaysian tropical fruits were tested in this study for total phenolic content (TPC), free radical scavenging activity by 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and metal ion chelating effect by ferrous ion chelating (FIC) assay. Extraction of antioxidant compounds from sample was done with 70% ethanol. TPCs of the seeds were expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in mg per 100 g fresh seed weight. TPC assay showed that mango seeds had the highest TPC (i.e. 32 ± 0.001 mg GAE) followed by guava seeds (i.e. 20 ± 0.001 mg GAE) and papaya seeds (8 ± 0.003 mg GAE). For DPPH assay, IC50 data showed that mango seed extract scavenged 50% DPPH radicals at the lowest concentration (0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL) followed by the positive control BHA (0.13 ± 0.01 mg/mL), guava seed extract (0.26 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and papaya seed extract (0.34 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Interestingly, all seed extracts showed higher free radical scavenging activities than BHA after sample concentration of 0.60 mg/mL. However, FIC assay indicated that metal ion chelating effects of all seed extracts were weaker than BHA suggesting that the fruit seeds are not sources of good metal ion chelators. Overall, present results suggest that TPC of the seeds show strong negative correlation with their primary antioxidant activity (r= -0.985, R2 = 0.970), and not all compounds in extracts which could scavenge DPPH radicals are good metal ion chelators. Mango seeds relatively showed the highest antioxidant level and primary antioxidant activity followed by guava seeds and papaya seeds.
Key words: Antioxidant levels, Malaysian tropical fruits, seeds
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In vivo Hepato-protective Properties of Purslane Extracts on Paracetamol-Induced Liver Damage
Mohammed Abdalla H & Soad Mohamed AG
ABSTRACT
This investigation is designed to evaluate the potential hepato-protective effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of air-dried leaves of Purslane against paracetamol-induced hepato-toxicity, in an attempt to understand its mechanism of action, which may pave the way for possible therapeutic application. Paracetamol (1g/kg bw) administration to rats resulted in massive elevation in serum and hepatic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as well as in serum tumor necrosis factor–alph (TNF-α) levels, with a significant decrease in serum and hepatic protein thiols (Pr-SHs) and reduced glutathione (GSH) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in blood and liver. Oral administration of both the leaves extracts at a concentration of 150 mg/kg bw daily for 15 days showed significant protection against an induced increase in serum and hepatic LDH and TBARS as well as serum tumor necrosis factor–alph (TNF-α) levels. The treatment also resulted in a significant increase in serum and hepatic Pr-SHs as well as GSH, SOD and GPx in blood and liver. The results of the present study suggest that the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Purslane leaves can generate antioxidants.The effect was more pronounced in ethanolic extract compared to aqueous extract.
Key words: LDH, TBARS, Pr-SHs , TNF-α, GSH, SOD, GPx, serum, liver, paracetamol, Purslane leaves, hepato-protective
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This investigation is designed to evaluate the potential hepato-protective effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of air-dried leaves of Purslane against paracetamol-induced hepato-toxicity, in an attempt to understand its mechanism of action, which may pave the way for possible therapeutic application. Paracetamol (1g/kg bw) administration to rats resulted in massive elevation in serum and hepatic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as well as in serum tumor necrosis factor–alph (TNF-α) levels, with a significant decrease in serum and hepatic protein thiols (Pr-SHs) and reduced glutathione (GSH) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in blood and liver. Oral administration of both the leaves extracts at a concentration of 150 mg/kg bw daily for 15 days showed significant protection against an induced increase in serum and hepatic LDH and TBARS as well as serum tumor necrosis factor–alph (TNF-α) levels. The treatment also resulted in a significant increase in serum and hepatic Pr-SHs as well as GSH, SOD and GPx in blood and liver. The results of the present study suggest that the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Purslane leaves can generate antioxidants.The effect was more pronounced in ethanolic extract compared to aqueous extract.
Key words: LDH, TBARS, Pr-SHs , TNF-α, GSH, SOD, GPx, serum, liver, paracetamol, Purslane leaves, hepato-protective
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Beneficial Lipid-Lowering Effects of Pink Guava Puree in High Fat Diet Induced-Obese Rats
Norazmir MN & Ayub MY
ABSTRACT
A study was carried out to determine the anti-obesity effects of pink guava (Psidium guajava ) puree in high fat diet (HFD) induced-obese rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: control negative (CN), fed normal rat pellet; control positive (CP), low, medium and high dosage group (LDG, MDG, HDG) were fed HFD, respectively. CN and CP groups were given distilled water; meanwhile treated groups were given the aqueous puree dissolved in distilled water administered orally for six weeks. The results obtained showed that pink guava puree significantly decreased the body weight and systolic blood pressure of HFD induced-obese rats as compared to control. Blood glucose values for treated groups (4.3-4.9 mmol/L) were significantly lower as compared to CN and CP (5.7 and 5.8 mmol/L) respectively. HDG showed a significant reduction in 34.47% total cholesterol (TC) levels followed by MDG (23.30%) and LDG (22.33%). Triglycerides (TG) levels for all treated groups especially HDG (43.59%) showed significant difference as compared to control. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels showed an increase in the treated group as compared to control. Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels significantly decreased in HDG (69.70%), MDG (39.40%) and LDG (37.12%) as compared to control. Kidney function tests showed significant changes in urea concentrations in treated groups as compared to control. Liver function tests showed significant differences in globulin, A:G ratio, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and CK-Nac in treated groups as compared to control. Specific enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly higher in LDG (2787.50±266.36 U/L), MDG (2819.50±262.04 U/L) and HDG (2897.33±674.97 U/L) respectively, as compared to CN (2184.50±816.59 U/L) and CP (2610.17±61.63 U/L). Significant differences were also seen in superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activities in treated groups as compared to control. In conclusion, this study found that pink guava puree had anti-obesity properties and high enzyme activities.
Key words: Obesity, pink guava, high fat diet-induced rats
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A study was carried out to determine the anti-obesity effects of pink guava (Psidium guajava ) puree in high fat diet (HFD) induced-obese rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: control negative (CN), fed normal rat pellet; control positive (CP), low, medium and high dosage group (LDG, MDG, HDG) were fed HFD, respectively. CN and CP groups were given distilled water; meanwhile treated groups were given the aqueous puree dissolved in distilled water administered orally for six weeks. The results obtained showed that pink guava puree significantly decreased the body weight and systolic blood pressure of HFD induced-obese rats as compared to control. Blood glucose values for treated groups (4.3-4.9 mmol/L) were significantly lower as compared to CN and CP (5.7 and 5.8 mmol/L) respectively. HDG showed a significant reduction in 34.47% total cholesterol (TC) levels followed by MDG (23.30%) and LDG (22.33%). Triglycerides (TG) levels for all treated groups especially HDG (43.59%) showed significant difference as compared to control. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels showed an increase in the treated group as compared to control. Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels significantly decreased in HDG (69.70%), MDG (39.40%) and LDG (37.12%) as compared to control. Kidney function tests showed significant changes in urea concentrations in treated groups as compared to control. Liver function tests showed significant differences in globulin, A:G ratio, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and CK-Nac in treated groups as compared to control. Specific enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly higher in LDG (2787.50±266.36 U/L), MDG (2819.50±262.04 U/L) and HDG (2897.33±674.97 U/L) respectively, as compared to CN (2184.50±816.59 U/L) and CP (2610.17±61.63 U/L). Significant differences were also seen in superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activities in treated groups as compared to control. In conclusion, this study found that pink guava puree had anti-obesity properties and high enzyme activities.
Key words: Obesity, pink guava, high fat diet-induced rats
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Effect of Selenium Supplementation on Spermatogenic Cells of Goats
Ganabadi S, Halimatun Y, Amelia Choong KL, Nor Jawahir A & Mohammed Hilmi A
ABSTRACT
Selenium is an essential trace mineral that is required for many physiological functions in animals and the potential relevance of selenium to the reproductive system of livestock has been considered by many researchers. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of selenium supplementation on the spermatogenic cells of goat. Eight young male crossbred (Katjang x Boer) goats, aged between 9 to 11 months, were used in this study. The control group (CON; n = 4) was fed with a diet consisting of 60% Guinea grass and 40% concentrates while the treatment group (Se-SUP; n = 4) was fed with the same diet as the goats in the control group but with supplementation of 0.6mg selenium (sodium selenite powder) per goat daily for 100 days and were slaughtered on the 101st day. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the mean number of spermatogonium, spermatocytes, spermatozoa and the total number of spermatogenic cells between the CON and Se-SUP goat respectively. However, there was a significant increase ( p <0.05) of spermatid in Se-SUP goats. The mean percentage of spermatids was significantly increased ( p <0.05) while spermatozoa was significantly decreased ( p <0.05) in Se-SUP goats. In conclusion, selenium supplementation increased the percentages of spermatids and decreased the percentages of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules in goats.
Key words: Goats, reproductive performance, selenium, spermatogenic cells
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Selenium is an essential trace mineral that is required for many physiological functions in animals and the potential relevance of selenium to the reproductive system of livestock has been considered by many researchers. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of selenium supplementation on the spermatogenic cells of goat. Eight young male crossbred (Katjang x Boer) goats, aged between 9 to 11 months, were used in this study. The control group (CON; n = 4) was fed with a diet consisting of 60% Guinea grass and 40% concentrates while the treatment group (Se-SUP; n = 4) was fed with the same diet as the goats in the control group but with supplementation of 0.6mg selenium (sodium selenite powder) per goat daily for 100 days and were slaughtered on the 101st day. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the mean number of spermatogonium, spermatocytes, spermatozoa and the total number of spermatogenic cells between the CON and Se-SUP goat respectively. However, there was a significant increase ( p <0.05) of spermatid in Se-SUP goats. The mean percentage of spermatids was significantly increased ( p <0.05) while spermatozoa was significantly decreased ( p <0.05) in Se-SUP goats. In conclusion, selenium supplementation increased the percentages of spermatids and decreased the percentages of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules in goats.
Key words: Goats, reproductive performance, selenium, spermatogenic cells
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Malaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 16 No.2, 2010
Table of Content
Editorial
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REVIEW
Health Promoting Effects of Phytonutrients Found
in Palm Oil
Loganathan R, Selvaduray KR, Nesaretnam K & Radhakrishnan AK
ABSTRACT
The oil palm tree, Elaeis guineesis, is the source of palm oil, otherwise known as the ‘tropical golden oil’. To date, Malaysia and Indonesia are the leading producers of palm oil. Palm oil is widely used for domestic cooking in Malaysia. Palm oil is a rich source of phytonutrients such as tocotrienols, tocopherol, carotene, phytosterols, squalene, coenzyme Q10, polyphenols, and phospholipids. Although the phytonutrients constitute only about 1% of its weight in crude palm oil, these are the main constituents through which palm oil exhibits its nutritional properties. Among the major health promoting properties shown to be associated with the various types of phytonutrients present in palm oil are anti-cancer, cardio-protection and anti-angiogenesis, cholesterol inhibition, brain development and neuro protective properties, antioxidative defence mechanisms, provitamin A activity and anti-diabetes.
Key words: Elaeis guineesis, health promoting effects, phytonutrients
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The oil palm tree, Elaeis guineesis, is the source of palm oil, otherwise known as the ‘tropical golden oil’. To date, Malaysia and Indonesia are the leading producers of palm oil. Palm oil is widely used for domestic cooking in Malaysia. Palm oil is a rich source of phytonutrients such as tocotrienols, tocopherol, carotene, phytosterols, squalene, coenzyme Q10, polyphenols, and phospholipids. Although the phytonutrients constitute only about 1% of its weight in crude palm oil, these are the main constituents through which palm oil exhibits its nutritional properties. Among the major health promoting properties shown to be associated with the various types of phytonutrients present in palm oil are anti-cancer, cardio-protection and anti-angiogenesis, cholesterol inhibition, brain development and neuro protective properties, antioxidative defence mechanisms, provitamin A activity and anti-diabetes.
Key words: Elaeis guineesis, health promoting effects, phytonutrients
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Breastfeeding in Malaysia: Results of the Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) 2006
Fatimah S, Siti Saadiah HN, Tahir A, Hussain Imam MI & Ahmad Faudzi Y
ABSTRACT
In Malaysia, the National Breastfeeding Policy recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and continued up to two years. Since the 1990s, several breastfeeding promotion programmes had been implemented in the country. This article reports the findings on the prevalence of breastfeeding practice from The Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) which was conducted in 2006. A total of 2167 mothers or carers of children below two years old were interviewed representing 804,480 of the estimated population of children aged below 2 years in Malaysia. Respondents were asked whether various types of liquid or solid food were given to the child at any time during the preceding 24-hour period. The overall prevalence of ever breastfed among children aged less than 12 months was 94.7% (CI: 93.0 - 95.9). The overall prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding below 6 months was 14.5% (CI: 11.7 - 17.9). Prevalence of timely initiation was 63.7% (CI: 61.4 - 65.9) and the continued prevalence of breastfeeding up to two years was 37.4% (CI: 32.9 – 42.2). The findings suggest that the programmes implemented in the last ten years were effective in improving the prevalence of ever breastfeeding, timely initiation of breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding up to two years. However, the challenge is to improve exclusive breastfeeding practice. Long- term community-based interventions need to be carried out in partnership with the existing health care system, focusing on discouraging the use of water and infant formula, especially in the first few months of life.
Key words: Breastfeeding, NHMS III, Malaysia, prevalance
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In Malaysia, the National Breastfeeding Policy recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and continued up to two years. Since the 1990s, several breastfeeding promotion programmes had been implemented in the country. This article reports the findings on the prevalence of breastfeeding practice from The Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) which was conducted in 2006. A total of 2167 mothers or carers of children below two years old were interviewed representing 804,480 of the estimated population of children aged below 2 years in Malaysia. Respondents were asked whether various types of liquid or solid food were given to the child at any time during the preceding 24-hour period. The overall prevalence of ever breastfed among children aged less than 12 months was 94.7% (CI: 93.0 - 95.9). The overall prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding below 6 months was 14.5% (CI: 11.7 - 17.9). Prevalence of timely initiation was 63.7% (CI: 61.4 - 65.9) and the continued prevalence of breastfeeding up to two years was 37.4% (CI: 32.9 – 42.2). The findings suggest that the programmes implemented in the last ten years were effective in improving the prevalence of ever breastfeeding, timely initiation of breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding up to two years. However, the challenge is to improve exclusive breastfeeding practice. Long- term community-based interventions need to be carried out in partnership with the existing health care system, focusing on discouraging the use of water and infant formula, especially in the first few months of life.
Key words: Breastfeeding, NHMS III, Malaysia, prevalance
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Metabolic Syndrome Based on IDF Criteria in a Sample of
Normal Weight and Obese School Children
Quah YV, Poh BK & Ismail MN
ABSTRACT
Metabolic syndrome was once reported only in adults but is now occurring more frequently in children. This study compared the incidence of metabolic syndrome and its components among normal and obese children using the 2007 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) pediatric definition for metabolic syndrome. Subjects comprised 78 school children aged 8-10 years, with 34 obese and 44 normal weight children . Body weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were measured and body mass index was calculated. Clinical profiles measured included fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and blood pressure. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined using the 2007 IDF pediatric criteria. Obese subjects had a significantly (p<0.001) higher mean BMI (26.0 ± 3.6 kg/m2 ) compared to normal weight subjects (15.1 ± 0.8 kg/m2 ). Only one obese subject (1.3% of subjects) had metabolic syndrome based on the IDF definition, but all obese subjects had at least one component of metabolic syndrome. In comparison, no normal weight subjects had metabolic syndrome and only 9.1% of normal weight subjects had at least one component of metabolic syndrome. The most common component was central obesity, observed in 43.6% of subjects having WC equal to or greater than the 90th percentile. In concurrence with central obesity as the core feature of the IDF criteria, WC showed the strongest correlation with indicators of obesity such as BMI (r=0.938, p<0.001), fat mass (r=0.912, p<0.001) and fat-free mass (r=0.863, p<0.001). We conclude that the problem of metabolic syndrome is more prominent among obese children, although the incidence of MS as defined by the 2007 pediatric IDF criteria, is low in this population (1.3%).
Key words: IDF Criteria, metabolic syndrome, normal weight children, obese children
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Metabolic syndrome was once reported only in adults but is now occurring more frequently in children. This study compared the incidence of metabolic syndrome and its components among normal and obese children using the 2007 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) pediatric definition for metabolic syndrome. Subjects comprised 78 school children aged 8-10 years, with 34 obese and 44 normal weight children . Body weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were measured and body mass index was calculated. Clinical profiles measured included fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and blood pressure. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined using the 2007 IDF pediatric criteria. Obese subjects had a significantly (p<0.001) higher mean BMI (26.0 ± 3.6 kg/m2 ) compared to normal weight subjects (15.1 ± 0.8 kg/m2 ). Only one obese subject (1.3% of subjects) had metabolic syndrome based on the IDF definition, but all obese subjects had at least one component of metabolic syndrome. In comparison, no normal weight subjects had metabolic syndrome and only 9.1% of normal weight subjects had at least one component of metabolic syndrome. The most common component was central obesity, observed in 43.6% of subjects having WC equal to or greater than the 90th percentile. In concurrence with central obesity as the core feature of the IDF criteria, WC showed the strongest correlation with indicators of obesity such as BMI (r=0.938, p<0.001), fat mass (r=0.912, p<0.001) and fat-free mass (r=0.863, p<0.001). We conclude that the problem of metabolic syndrome is more prominent among obese children, although the incidence of MS as defined by the 2007 pediatric IDF criteria, is low in this population (1.3%).
Key words: IDF Criteria, metabolic syndrome, normal weight children, obese children
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Effects of Wealth on Nutritional Status of
Pre-school Children in Bangladesh
Mostafa Kamal SM, Rosliza AM & Md Aynul I
ABSTRACT
This paper explores the relationship between household wealth and nutritional status of pre-school children in Bangladesh using the nationally representative 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data. Chronic malnutrition was measured by z -score of height-for-age and the effect of household wealth on adverse childhood growth rate was assessed by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Overall, 43% of the children were stunted. The multivariate binary logistic regression analysis yielded significantly increased risk of stunting among the poorest (OR=2.26, 95% CI=1.77-2.89) as compared to the richest. The multivariate multinomial logistic regression produced elevated risk of moderate stunting (OR=1.98, 95% CI=1.50-2.61) and severe stunting (OR=2.88, 95% CI=2.00- 4.14) of children in the poorest category compared to their richest counterparts. Children’s age, duration of breastfeeding, mother’s education, body mass index, mother’s working status and place of region were also identified as important determinants of children’s nutritional status. The findings suggest that apart from poverty reduction, maternal education, and strengthening of child and maternal health care services are important to improve health and nutritional status of the children.
Key words: Bangladesh, nutritional status, pre-school children, wealth index
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This paper explores the relationship between household wealth and nutritional status of pre-school children in Bangladesh using the nationally representative 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data. Chronic malnutrition was measured by z -score of height-for-age and the effect of household wealth on adverse childhood growth rate was assessed by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Overall, 43% of the children were stunted. The multivariate binary logistic regression analysis yielded significantly increased risk of stunting among the poorest (OR=2.26, 95% CI=1.77-2.89) as compared to the richest. The multivariate multinomial logistic regression produced elevated risk of moderate stunting (OR=1.98, 95% CI=1.50-2.61) and severe stunting (OR=2.88, 95% CI=2.00- 4.14) of children in the poorest category compared to their richest counterparts. Children’s age, duration of breastfeeding, mother’s education, body mass index, mother’s working status and place of region were also identified as important determinants of children’s nutritional status. The findings suggest that apart from poverty reduction, maternal education, and strengthening of child and maternal health care services are important to improve health and nutritional status of the children.
Key words: Bangladesh, nutritional status, pre-school children, wealth index
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Calcium Intake, Vitamin D and Bone Health Status
of Post-menopausal Chinese Women in Kuala Lumpur
Chee WSS, Chong PN, Chuah KA, T Karupaiah, Norlaila Mustafa, Seri Suniza S, Karuthan Chinna, Horcajada MN, Ameye L & Offord-Cavin E
ABSTRACT
Bone health status was investigated in 178 free-living Chinese post-menopausal women in Kuala Lumpur. Body mass index (BMI), body composition (using whole body DXA), calcium intake and serum 25-OH vitamin D status were measured along with biochemical markers of bone turnover, that is, pro-collagen Type 1 N-terminal peptide (P1NP), osteocalcin (OC) and C-telopeptide ß cross link of Type 1 collagen (CTX- β ). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA (Hologic, USA) at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip. Results showed that osteopenia was present in 50% of the subjects at the spine and 57.9% at the femoral neck. Osteoporosis was diagnosed in 10% of the subjects at both the femoral neck and spine. A total of 29.3% of the subjects had high levels of CTX- ß. Mean serum level of 25-OH vitamin D was 60.4+15.6 nmol/L and 50.6% of the subjects had hypovitaminosis D (defined as <50 nmol/l). Mean total calcium intake of the subjects was 497 + 233 mg, of which only 14% met the RNI for calcium with the additional intake of calcium supplements. Body fat was also significantly correlated (r=0.181, p <0.05) with BMD at the spine but not BMD at the femoral neck. Lean body mass was positively correlated with BMD at the spine (r=0.289, p <0.001) and femoral neck (r=0.295, p <0.001). CTX- β was negatively correlated with BMD at the spine (r= -0.235, p<0.001), whereas P1NP (r=-0.215, p <0.001) and osteocalcin (r=-0.265, p <0.001) were both negatively correlated with BMD at the femoral neck. Generally, the study found that women with osteopenia had higher levels of bone turnover markers, less lean body mass and lower calcium intake than women with normal BMD. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the majority of free living Chinese post-menopausal women in Kuala Lumpur have low calcium intake, low 25-OH vitamin D status and low bone mass and elevated biochemical markers of bone turnover.
Key words: bone health status, calcium intake, Chinese women, Kuala Lumpur, post-menopausal woman, Vitamin D
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Bone health status was investigated in 178 free-living Chinese post-menopausal women in Kuala Lumpur. Body mass index (BMI), body composition (using whole body DXA), calcium intake and serum 25-OH vitamin D status were measured along with biochemical markers of bone turnover, that is, pro-collagen Type 1 N-terminal peptide (P1NP), osteocalcin (OC) and C-telopeptide ß cross link of Type 1 collagen (CTX- β ). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA (Hologic, USA) at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip. Results showed that osteopenia was present in 50% of the subjects at the spine and 57.9% at the femoral neck. Osteoporosis was diagnosed in 10% of the subjects at both the femoral neck and spine. A total of 29.3% of the subjects had high levels of CTX- ß. Mean serum level of 25-OH vitamin D was 60.4+15.6 nmol/L and 50.6% of the subjects had hypovitaminosis D (defined as <50 nmol/l). Mean total calcium intake of the subjects was 497 + 233 mg, of which only 14% met the RNI for calcium with the additional intake of calcium supplements. Body fat was also significantly correlated (r=0.181, p <0.05) with BMD at the spine but not BMD at the femoral neck. Lean body mass was positively correlated with BMD at the spine (r=0.289, p <0.001) and femoral neck (r=0.295, p <0.001). CTX- β was negatively correlated with BMD at the spine (r= -0.235, p<0.001), whereas P1NP (r=-0.215, p <0.001) and osteocalcin (r=-0.265, p <0.001) were both negatively correlated with BMD at the femoral neck. Generally, the study found that women with osteopenia had higher levels of bone turnover markers, less lean body mass and lower calcium intake than women with normal BMD. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the majority of free living Chinese post-menopausal women in Kuala Lumpur have low calcium intake, low 25-OH vitamin D status and low bone mass and elevated biochemical markers of bone turnover.
Key words: bone health status, calcium intake, Chinese women, Kuala Lumpur, post-menopausal woman, Vitamin D
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Consumer Understanding and Preferences for Different
Nutrition Information Panel Formats
Fatimah S, Nik Ismail ND & Tee ES
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to assess the level of understanding and the ability to extract information from a nutrition information panel (NIP) among women (n = 232, 20-59 years) in the Klang Valley, an urban area in Malaysia. The study involved the currently used format in Malaysia and three other formats, namely (i) based on Guideline Daily Amount (GDA), (ii) Multiple Traffic Light (MTL) and (iii) combination of GDA/MTL. Four hypermarkets were chosen for the face-to-face interview using a questionnaire. Subjects were selected using a convenient sampling method. The mean score for level of understanding was the highest for the current format (3.46 ± 1.12) compared to the other three tested formats (GDA = 3.09 ± 1.03, MTL = 2.72 ± 0.97, GDA/MTL combination 3.09 ± 1.36). However, most of the respondents (68.1%) would prefer the current NIP format to be changed due to difficulty in understanding (43.1%) and perceived the nutrition information to be insufficient (23.3%) and over simplified (21.6%). When other NIP formats were introduced, GDA format was the most preferred (mean score 3.52 ± 0.84) compared to the other formats (MTL = 3.41 ± 0.98; GDA/ MTL combination = 3.29 ± 0.91), including the current format used in Malaysia (3.16 ± 0.85). These findings suggest that the preferred NIP format does not necessarily lead to correct interpretation of the nutrition information. The current format should be further promoted and explained to the public to improve its usage and consumer understanding.
Key words: Label, nutrition labelling, nutrition information panel
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The study was conducted to assess the level of understanding and the ability to extract information from a nutrition information panel (NIP) among women (n = 232, 20-59 years) in the Klang Valley, an urban area in Malaysia. The study involved the currently used format in Malaysia and three other formats, namely (i) based on Guideline Daily Amount (GDA), (ii) Multiple Traffic Light (MTL) and (iii) combination of GDA/MTL. Four hypermarkets were chosen for the face-to-face interview using a questionnaire. Subjects were selected using a convenient sampling method. The mean score for level of understanding was the highest for the current format (3.46 ± 1.12) compared to the other three tested formats (GDA = 3.09 ± 1.03, MTL = 2.72 ± 0.97, GDA/MTL combination 3.09 ± 1.36). However, most of the respondents (68.1%) would prefer the current NIP format to be changed due to difficulty in understanding (43.1%) and perceived the nutrition information to be insufficient (23.3%) and over simplified (21.6%). When other NIP formats were introduced, GDA format was the most preferred (mean score 3.52 ± 0.84) compared to the other formats (MTL = 3.41 ± 0.98; GDA/ MTL combination = 3.29 ± 0.91), including the current format used in Malaysia (3.16 ± 0.85). These findings suggest that the preferred NIP format does not necessarily lead to correct interpretation of the nutrition information. The current format should be further promoted and explained to the public to improve its usage and consumer understanding.
Key words: Label, nutrition labelling, nutrition information panel
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Association of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition
with Overweight and Obesity in Malay Women from Klang
Valley
Lee CL, Norimah AK & Ismail MN
ABSTRACT
This cross-sectional study investigates the association between energy intake and macronutrient composition of the diet with overweight and obesity among Malaysian women. One hundred and fifteen adult Malay women aged 20 to 59 years (mean age 37.2±7.6 years) were interviewed. Dietary intake was assessed using the food history method. Body weight status was assessed using weight, height, waist circumference and fat percentage measurements. When energy intake was assessed for accuracy, only 41% of the subjects (n=47) were normal energy reporters. Among the normal energy reporters, 55% were of normal weight whereas 32% and 13% were overweight and obese. Mean energy intake for normal weight, overweight and obese subjects was 1685±199 kcal/day, 1810±166 kcal/day and 2119±222 kcal/day, respectively. Energy intake increased with body mass index (BMI) category. Among the overweight and obese, energy intake was respectively higher by 125 kcal/day and 434 kcal/day as compared to their normal weight counterparts (p<0.001). There was also a significant, moderate and positive correlation between energy intake and BMI (r=0.635), waist circumference (r=0.545), and body fat percentage (r=0.534). When macronutrient composition of diet was analysed (% energy and g/1000 kcal), there was no significant difference in carbohydrate, protein or fat intake between the obese, overweight and normal weight subjects. There was also no significant correlation between macronutrient composition of the diet and body weight status. Based on these findings, we conclude that the subjects’ body weight status is likely to be influenced by energy intake rather than the macronutrient composition of the diet.
Key words: Energy intake, Klang Valley, macronutrient composition, obese Malay women, overweight Malay women
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This cross-sectional study investigates the association between energy intake and macronutrient composition of the diet with overweight and obesity among Malaysian women. One hundred and fifteen adult Malay women aged 20 to 59 years (mean age 37.2±7.6 years) were interviewed. Dietary intake was assessed using the food history method. Body weight status was assessed using weight, height, waist circumference and fat percentage measurements. When energy intake was assessed for accuracy, only 41% of the subjects (n=47) were normal energy reporters. Among the normal energy reporters, 55% were of normal weight whereas 32% and 13% were overweight and obese. Mean energy intake for normal weight, overweight and obese subjects was 1685±199 kcal/day, 1810±166 kcal/day and 2119±222 kcal/day, respectively. Energy intake increased with body mass index (BMI) category. Among the overweight and obese, energy intake was respectively higher by 125 kcal/day and 434 kcal/day as compared to their normal weight counterparts (p<0.001). There was also a significant, moderate and positive correlation between energy intake and BMI (r=0.635), waist circumference (r=0.545), and body fat percentage (r=0.534). When macronutrient composition of diet was analysed (% energy and g/1000 kcal), there was no significant difference in carbohydrate, protein or fat intake between the obese, overweight and normal weight subjects. There was also no significant correlation between macronutrient composition of the diet and body weight status. Based on these findings, we conclude that the subjects’ body weight status is likely to be influenced by energy intake rather than the macronutrient composition of the diet.
Key words: Energy intake, Klang Valley, macronutrient composition, obese Malay women, overweight Malay women
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Association of Iron Deficiency with or without Anaemia
and Cognitive Functions among Primary School Children
in Malaysia
Hamid Jan JM, Amal K Mitra, Rohani A & Norimah AK
ABSTRACT
Iron deficiency and anaemia affect millions of children worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency with or without anaemia on cognitive functions, specifically with short-term memory, attention and visual- motor coordination in children. A total of 173 primary school children was enrolled. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Three sub-tests were selected to assess processing speed (coding test), immediate auditory memory (digit span test) and visual processing and problem solving ability (maze test). The results showed significant correlation between age and coding test (r =0.38, p <0.001), digit span test (r =0.16, p = 0.028), and maze test scores (r =0.28, p <0.001), and the total sub-test scores (r =0.43, p <.001). After age adjustment of the cognitive function tests, iron deficient children without anaemia scored significantly lower than the healthy children ( p <0.001) on coding test, while iron deficient children with anaemia and iron deficient children without anaemia scored significantly lower ( p <0.001) than the healthy counterparts on maze test. No significant differences were observed on digit-span score among the groups. This study confirms the negative effect of both iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia on processing speed and visual- motor coordination in children.
Key words: Anaemia, cognitive function, iron deficiency, Malaysia
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Iron deficiency and anaemia affect millions of children worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency with or without anaemia on cognitive functions, specifically with short-term memory, attention and visual- motor coordination in children. A total of 173 primary school children was enrolled. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Three sub-tests were selected to assess processing speed (coding test), immediate auditory memory (digit span test) and visual processing and problem solving ability (maze test). The results showed significant correlation between age and coding test (r =0.38, p <0.001), digit span test (r =0.16, p = 0.028), and maze test scores (r =0.28, p <0.001), and the total sub-test scores (r =0.43, p <.001). After age adjustment of the cognitive function tests, iron deficient children without anaemia scored significantly lower than the healthy children ( p <0.001) on coding test, while iron deficient children with anaemia and iron deficient children without anaemia scored significantly lower ( p <0.001) than the healthy counterparts on maze test. No significant differences were observed on digit-span score among the groups. This study confirms the negative effect of both iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia on processing speed and visual- motor coordination in children.
Key words: Anaemia, cognitive function, iron deficiency, Malaysia
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Recommended Nutrient Intake for Dietary Fibre: Bar Set Too
High for Malaysians?
Ng TKW, Chow SSF, Chan LPY, Lee CYM & Lim SQ
ABSTRACT
This article presents findings from three separate data sets on food consumption in apparently healthy Malaysian adult males and females aged 22-60 years, and secondary data extracted from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2003. Assessment of food intake by 24-hour recall or the food diary method and use of the nutrient calculator- DietPLUS- to quantify intake of macronutrients and dietary fibre (DF) in the primary data, revealed low mean DF intakes of 10.7±1.0 g/day (Course participants, n=52), 15.6 ±1.2 (University sample, n=103), and 16.1 ±6.1 (Research Institute staff, n=25). An alarmingly high proportion of subjects (75 to 95%) in these three data sets did not meet the national population intake goal of 20-30 g DF/day. A list of 39 food items which contain fibre, extracted from the MANS 2003 report as being average amounts consumed daily by each Malaysian adult, provided 19.2 g DF which meant that >50% of Malaysian adults consumed less than the recommended DF intake of 20-30 g/day. This large deficit of actual intake versus recommended intakes is not new and is also observed in developed western nations. What is of great concern is that the preliminary findings presented in this article indicate that the national population goal of 20-30 g DF/day may be beyond the habitual diets of the majority of Malaysians. Appropriately, the authors propose the inclusion of a daily minimum requirement for DF intake in the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines, which would somewhat mimic the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines 1999 for dietary fat, as well as the stand taken by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) of the United Kingdom. This minimum requirement , if agreed to, should not be higher than the 16 g DF or so provided by the hypothetical ‘high-fibre’ healthy diet exemplified in this article.
Key words: Dietary fibre, minimum requirement, Recommended Nutrient Intake
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This article presents findings from three separate data sets on food consumption in apparently healthy Malaysian adult males and females aged 22-60 years, and secondary data extracted from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2003. Assessment of food intake by 24-hour recall or the food diary method and use of the nutrient calculator- DietPLUS- to quantify intake of macronutrients and dietary fibre (DF) in the primary data, revealed low mean DF intakes of 10.7±1.0 g/day (Course participants, n=52), 15.6 ±1.2 (University sample, n=103), and 16.1 ±6.1 (Research Institute staff, n=25). An alarmingly high proportion of subjects (75 to 95%) in these three data sets did not meet the national population intake goal of 20-30 g DF/day. A list of 39 food items which contain fibre, extracted from the MANS 2003 report as being average amounts consumed daily by each Malaysian adult, provided 19.2 g DF which meant that >50% of Malaysian adults consumed less than the recommended DF intake of 20-30 g/day. This large deficit of actual intake versus recommended intakes is not new and is also observed in developed western nations. What is of great concern is that the preliminary findings presented in this article indicate that the national population goal of 20-30 g DF/day may be beyond the habitual diets of the majority of Malaysians. Appropriately, the authors propose the inclusion of a daily minimum requirement for DF intake in the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines, which would somewhat mimic the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines 1999 for dietary fat, as well as the stand taken by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) of the United Kingdom. This minimum requirement , if agreed to, should not be higher than the 16 g DF or so provided by the hypothetical ‘high-fibre’ healthy diet exemplified in this article.
Key words: Dietary fibre, minimum requirement, Recommended Nutrient Intake
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Antioxidant Activities and Total Phenolic Content of Aqueous
Extract of Pleurotus ostreatus (Cultivated Oyster Mushroom)
Yim HS, Chye FY, Tan CT, Ng YC & Ho CW
ABSTRACT
Pleurotus ostreatus better known as oyster mushroom is widely cultivated and consumed as food in Malaysia. The present study aims to assess the antioxidative potential and total phenolic content of P. ostreatus aqueous extract. The antioxidant activities were evaluated against DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and β -carotene-linoleate bleaching assay, and the Folin-Ciocalteu method for total phenolic content (TPC). The DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity was found to be 63.20% and 87.29% respectively; antioxidant activity using FRAP at 1.45 mM FE/100g and β -carotene- linoleate bleaching assay was 83.51%, while the TPC was found to be 798.55 mg GAE/100g. These antioxidant activities were compared to synthetic antioxidant, BHA and ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid showed highest scavenging effects on DPPH and ABTS radical, followed by P. ostreatus and BHA (at maximum safety limit). The ferric reducing power of P. ostreatus was significantly higher than BHA and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant activity as assessed in β -carotene-linoleate bleaching assay was found to be higher in BHA compared to P. ostreatus . The aqueous extract of P. ostreatus was found to respond differently in antioxidant assays. The antioxidative activity of the aqueous extract of P. ostreatus correlated with its total phenolic content. Generally, the antioxidant activities of P. ostreatus’ aqueous extract are comparable to that of BHA and ascorbic acid to a certain extent.
Key words: Antioxidant activities, aqueous extract, Pleurotus ostreatus, total phenolic content
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Pleurotus ostreatus better known as oyster mushroom is widely cultivated and consumed as food in Malaysia. The present study aims to assess the antioxidative potential and total phenolic content of P. ostreatus aqueous extract. The antioxidant activities were evaluated against DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and β -carotene-linoleate bleaching assay, and the Folin-Ciocalteu method for total phenolic content (TPC). The DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity was found to be 63.20% and 87.29% respectively; antioxidant activity using FRAP at 1.45 mM FE/100g and β -carotene- linoleate bleaching assay was 83.51%, while the TPC was found to be 798.55 mg GAE/100g. These antioxidant activities were compared to synthetic antioxidant, BHA and ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid showed highest scavenging effects on DPPH and ABTS radical, followed by P. ostreatus and BHA (at maximum safety limit). The ferric reducing power of P. ostreatus was significantly higher than BHA and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant activity as assessed in β -carotene-linoleate bleaching assay was found to be higher in BHA compared to P. ostreatus . The aqueous extract of P. ostreatus was found to respond differently in antioxidant assays. The antioxidative activity of the aqueous extract of P. ostreatus correlated with its total phenolic content. Generally, the antioxidant activities of P. ostreatus’ aqueous extract are comparable to that of BHA and ascorbic acid to a certain extent.
Key words: Antioxidant activities, aqueous extract, Pleurotus ostreatus, total phenolic content
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Moringa oleifera
Enhances Liver Antioxidant Status via
Elevation of Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Counteracts
Paracetamol-induced Hepatotoxicity
Uma N, Fakurazi S & Hairuszah I
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the role of antioxidant enzyme system following crude hydroethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MO) in acute paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity. Hydroethanolic extract (80%) of MO (200 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg; p.o) was pre-administered before a single oral dose of 3 g/kg PCM intoxication to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pre-treatment of the extract was found to have reduced lipid peroxidation level when compared to the group treated with PCM only. The level of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S- transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) was restored to near normal in groups that were pre-treated with MO. Histopathological studies have further confirmed the hepatoprotective activity of MO compared to group treated with PCM only. The results obtained were comparable to silymarin (200 mg/kg; p.o). The MO extract was found to have significantly protected the liver against toxicity following PCM intoxication by enhancing the level of antioxidant enzyme activity.
Key words: Aetaminophen, hepatoprotective, hepatotoxicity, Moringa oleifera, paracetamol
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This study investigated the role of antioxidant enzyme system following crude hydroethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MO) in acute paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity. Hydroethanolic extract (80%) of MO (200 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg; p.o) was pre-administered before a single oral dose of 3 g/kg PCM intoxication to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pre-treatment of the extract was found to have reduced lipid peroxidation level when compared to the group treated with PCM only. The level of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S- transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) was restored to near normal in groups that were pre-treated with MO. Histopathological studies have further confirmed the hepatoprotective activity of MO compared to group treated with PCM only. The results obtained were comparable to silymarin (200 mg/kg; p.o). The MO extract was found to have significantly protected the liver against toxicity following PCM intoxication by enhancing the level of antioxidant enzyme activity.
Key words: Aetaminophen, hepatoprotective, hepatotoxicity, Moringa oleifera, paracetamol
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Compliance to Intake of Prenatal Supplements among
Rural Pregnant Women - an Observational Study in Two
Sub-districts in Rural Bangladesh
Waheedul Hoque AM
ABSTRACT
A cross-sectional observational study was undertaken to determine the compliance to intake of food and micronutrient supplements among 48 rural pregnant women in two sub-districts under two Divisions of Bangladesh. All pregnant women were observed from 8am to 2pm everyday for three consecutive days. Results shows that only 27.1% of the pregnant women consumed the full packet of food supplements, 43.1% shared it with other members of their family and 29.2% did not go to collect the supplement. A total of 93.8 % women did not consume the micronutrients, iron or folate supplements during the time of observation. Necessary steps should be taken to improve delivery strategies of supplements among rural pregnant women in Bangladesh, which should include training of the service providers and health education to the pregnant women.
Key words: Compliance, pregnant women, rural Bangladesh, supplements
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A cross-sectional observational study was undertaken to determine the compliance to intake of food and micronutrient supplements among 48 rural pregnant women in two sub-districts under two Divisions of Bangladesh. All pregnant women were observed from 8am to 2pm everyday for three consecutive days. Results shows that only 27.1% of the pregnant women consumed the full packet of food supplements, 43.1% shared it with other members of their family and 29.2% did not go to collect the supplement. A total of 93.8 % women did not consume the micronutrients, iron or folate supplements during the time of observation. Necessary steps should be taken to improve delivery strategies of supplements among rural pregnant women in Bangladesh, which should include training of the service providers and health education to the pregnant women.
Key words: Compliance, pregnant women, rural Bangladesh, supplements
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Malaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 16 No.3, 2010
Table of Content
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Antioxidant Status before and after Dietary Intervention in
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Patients
Karajibani M, Hashemi M, Montazerifar F & Dikshit M
ABSTRACT
There is some evidence showing an inverse correlation between dietary sources including natural antioxidant vitamins and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary antioxidants on oxidative stress in CVD patients. This study was carried out on 31 CVD patients and 63 healthy individuals. Nutritional status and dietary antioxidant vitamins were assessed by 48-hour recall. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities as well as the levels of vitamins A, E, C, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined before and after serving fresh fruits and vegetables for 3 months. Before intervention intake, levels of vitamins A, E and C were significantly lower in patients than in normal individuals (P<0.001). The serum levels of vitamins A, E and C were significantly lower in the cases than in the control subjects. After intervention, the serum levels of vitamins A, E and C were increased significantly (P<0.0001). Similarly, the levels of TAC as well as the activities of SOD and GPx were found to increase by end of 3 months. In addition, a significant increase of TAC and a decrease in MDA levels were observed. In conclusion, the findings show that dietary supplementation improves the antioxidant defense system in CVD patients.
Key words: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), dietary antioxidants, interventional studies, oxidative stress
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There is some evidence showing an inverse correlation between dietary sources including natural antioxidant vitamins and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary antioxidants on oxidative stress in CVD patients. This study was carried out on 31 CVD patients and 63 healthy individuals. Nutritional status and dietary antioxidant vitamins were assessed by 48-hour recall. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities as well as the levels of vitamins A, E, C, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined before and after serving fresh fruits and vegetables for 3 months. Before intervention intake, levels of vitamins A, E and C were significantly lower in patients than in normal individuals (P<0.001). The serum levels of vitamins A, E and C were significantly lower in the cases than in the control subjects. After intervention, the serum levels of vitamins A, E and C were increased significantly (P<0.0001). Similarly, the levels of TAC as well as the activities of SOD and GPx were found to increase by end of 3 months. In addition, a significant increase of TAC and a decrease in MDA levels were observed. In conclusion, the findings show that dietary supplementation improves the antioxidant defense system in CVD patients.
Key words: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), dietary antioxidants, interventional studies, oxidative stress
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Relationship between Appetite, Food Intake and Body
Composition among Elderly Malays from an Urban
Residential Area in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mohamad HA, Suzana S, Noor Ibrahim MS & Norshafarina S
ABSTRACT
Loss of appetite, decrease in food intake and changes in body composition appear to be inter-related factors that can influence the well-being of older individuals. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the level of appetite, food intake and its relation to body composition and functional status among non- institutionalised elderly Malays in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. The Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ), Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ), Bio-impedance Analysis (BIA) and Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL) questionnaire and handgrip dynamometer were used to measure appetite, food intake, body composition and functional status respectively. A total of 112 subjects (41.1% men and 58.9% women) participated with mean age being 66.0 ± 5.0 years for men and 66.3 ± 6.2 years for women. Prevalence of poor appetite was higher in elderly women (72.3%) than in men (52.3%) ( p <0.05). Pearson’s correlation test showed that CNAQ score correlated significantly with age (r=-0.255, p <0.01), energy intake (r=0.272, p <0.01), IADL score (r=0.408, p <0.01) and handgrip strength (r=0.263, p <0.05). Energy intake correlated significantly with fat free mass (r=0.424, p <0.05), muscle mass (r=0.456, p <0.05) and total body water (r=0.403, p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that 27.0% of poor appetite could be explained by advanced age, low energy intake and decreased functional status. In conclusion, the study showed that poor appetite was prevalent among the subjects, especially women and this was influenced by aging, inadequate energy intake and decreased functional status.
Key words: Activities of daily living, appetite, body composition, eating, Malaysia
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Loss of appetite, decrease in food intake and changes in body composition appear to be inter-related factors that can influence the well-being of older individuals. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the level of appetite, food intake and its relation to body composition and functional status among non- institutionalised elderly Malays in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. The Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ), Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ), Bio-impedance Analysis (BIA) and Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL) questionnaire and handgrip dynamometer were used to measure appetite, food intake, body composition and functional status respectively. A total of 112 subjects (41.1% men and 58.9% women) participated with mean age being 66.0 ± 5.0 years for men and 66.3 ± 6.2 years for women. Prevalence of poor appetite was higher in elderly women (72.3%) than in men (52.3%) ( p <0.05). Pearson’s correlation test showed that CNAQ score correlated significantly with age (r=-0.255, p <0.01), energy intake (r=0.272, p <0.01), IADL score (r=0.408, p <0.01) and handgrip strength (r=0.263, p <0.05). Energy intake correlated significantly with fat free mass (r=0.424, p <0.05), muscle mass (r=0.456, p <0.05) and total body water (r=0.403, p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that 27.0% of poor appetite could be explained by advanced age, low energy intake and decreased functional status. In conclusion, the study showed that poor appetite was prevalent among the subjects, especially women and this was influenced by aging, inadequate energy intake and decreased functional status.
Key words: Activities of daily living, appetite, body composition, eating, Malaysia
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Socio-economic Correlates of Malnutrition among
Married Women in Bangladesh
Mostafa Kamal SM & Md Aynul Islam
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the prevalence and socio-economic correlates of malnutrition among ever married non-pregnant women of reproductive age of Bangladesh using a nationally representative weighted sample of 10,145. Body mass index was used to measure nutritional status. Both bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were employed to assess the relationship between socio-economic characteristics and women’s nutritional status. Overall, 28.5% of the women were found to be underweight. The fixed effect multivariate binary logistic regression analysis yielded significantly increased risk of underweight for the young, currently working, non-Muslim, rural residents, widowed, divorced or separated women. Significant wide variations of malnourishment prevailed in the administrative regions of the country. Wealth index and women’s education were the most important determinants of underweight. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk of being underweight was almost seven times higher (OR=6.76, 95% CI=5.20-8.80) among women with no formal education as compared to those with higher education and the likelihood of underweight was significantly ( p <0.001) 5.2 times (OR=5.23, 95% CI=4.51-6.07) in the poorest as compared to their richest counterparts. Poverty alleviation programmes should be strengthened targeting the poor. Effective policies, information and health education programmes for women are required to ensure adequate access to health services and for them to understand the components of a healthy diet.
Key words: Bangladeshi women, body mass index, logistic regression, malnutrition, wealth
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This paper examines the prevalence and socio-economic correlates of malnutrition among ever married non-pregnant women of reproductive age of Bangladesh using a nationally representative weighted sample of 10,145. Body mass index was used to measure nutritional status. Both bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were employed to assess the relationship between socio-economic characteristics and women’s nutritional status. Overall, 28.5% of the women were found to be underweight. The fixed effect multivariate binary logistic regression analysis yielded significantly increased risk of underweight for the young, currently working, non-Muslim, rural residents, widowed, divorced or separated women. Significant wide variations of malnourishment prevailed in the administrative regions of the country. Wealth index and women’s education were the most important determinants of underweight. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk of being underweight was almost seven times higher (OR=6.76, 95% CI=5.20-8.80) among women with no formal education as compared to those with higher education and the likelihood of underweight was significantly ( p <0.001) 5.2 times (OR=5.23, 95% CI=4.51-6.07) in the poorest as compared to their richest counterparts. Poverty alleviation programmes should be strengthened targeting the poor. Effective policies, information and health education programmes for women are required to ensure adequate access to health services and for them to understand the components of a healthy diet.
Key words: Bangladeshi women, body mass index, logistic regression, malnutrition, wealth
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Suitability of Foxtail Millet (
Setaria italica
) and Barnyard
Millet (
Echinochloa frumentacea
) for Development of Low
Glycemic Index Biscuits
Anju T & Sarita S
ABSTRACT
Millets have been neglected despite their nutritive value and therapeutic use. The present study was undertaken with the aim of preparing biscuits based on foxtail millet and barnyard millet and to evaluate their sensory quality and acceptability, nutritional value and glycemic index by comparing with biscuits made from refined wheat flour. The biscuits made from millet were prepared using 45% of millet flour and 55% of refined wheat flour. All the three types of biscuits were found to be acceptable by a trained panel and diabetic subjects. The shelf life study indicated that the biscuits made from both types of millet flour can be successfully stored for a period of 60 days in a thermally sealed single polyethylene bag at room conditions. The millet flour and biscuits had higher content of crude fibre, total ash and total dietary fibre than refined wheat flour and biscuits. Biscuits from foxtail millet flour had the lowest GI of 50.8 compared to 68 for biscuits from barnyard millet flour and refined wheat flour. Thus, besides its traditional use in making chapatti and porridge, millet can be exploited for the development of low GI therapeutic food products like biscuits. Further studies are needed to determine long term effects of consumption of foxtail millet biscuits on blood lipid profile and glycosylated haemoglobin of diabetics and cardiovascular patients.
Key words: Glycemic index, GI biscuits, millet
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Millets have been neglected despite their nutritive value and therapeutic use. The present study was undertaken with the aim of preparing biscuits based on foxtail millet and barnyard millet and to evaluate their sensory quality and acceptability, nutritional value and glycemic index by comparing with biscuits made from refined wheat flour. The biscuits made from millet were prepared using 45% of millet flour and 55% of refined wheat flour. All the three types of biscuits were found to be acceptable by a trained panel and diabetic subjects. The shelf life study indicated that the biscuits made from both types of millet flour can be successfully stored for a period of 60 days in a thermally sealed single polyethylene bag at room conditions. The millet flour and biscuits had higher content of crude fibre, total ash and total dietary fibre than refined wheat flour and biscuits. Biscuits from foxtail millet flour had the lowest GI of 50.8 compared to 68 for biscuits from barnyard millet flour and refined wheat flour. Thus, besides its traditional use in making chapatti and porridge, millet can be exploited for the development of low GI therapeutic food products like biscuits. Further studies are needed to determine long term effects of consumption of foxtail millet biscuits on blood lipid profile and glycosylated haemoglobin of diabetics and cardiovascular patients.
Key words: Glycemic index, GI biscuits, millet
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Ferritin and Soluble Transferrin Receptors in Type 2
Diabetic and Non-diabetic Post-menopausal Women
in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Md Ruhul A, Sharmin H, Luthfor A, Farzana S & Liaquat A
ABSTRACT
This cross-sectional comparative study was aimed at investigating the iron status of a group of post-menopausal women with and without diabetes. Thirty-five post-menopausal women in each group were selected purposively from among patients attending the out-patient department of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), a specialist hospital, and two of its satellite clinics, all in Dhaka. Patients were enrolled based on their existing records. The subjects were matched on age, menstrual status and fasting status at blood draw. Ferritin, serum soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR) and fasting plasma glucose were measured by standard methods. Dietary information was collected by a specific food frequency questionnaire. No significant difference in plasma ferritin [62.02 ng/ml, (range: 4.68-288.89) vs 54.25 ng/ml (range: 4.58-137.17); p =0.28] was observed between the groups. But a higher level of plasma sTfR was found in diabetic women [(21.12 nmol/l (range: 7.91-39.79) vs 17.63 nmol/l (range: 10.30-110.00); p <0.01]. TFR-F index showed no difference between diabetic and control ( p =0.25). Significantly a lower hemoglobin level [10.58±0.67 g/dl vs11.76±1.5 g/dl; p <0.01] was detected in diabetic women. Plasma sTfR (log) did not show any significant association with the dietary parameters and iron indices. No significant association between fasting glucose, ferritin and sTfR was seen except for haemoglobin (r=0.39, p =0.05). Total iron intake recorded was more than the requirement, and was significantly higher in control group [38.11mg/day (range: 19.83-105.63) vs 56.65 mg/day (range: 29.75-109.54); p <0.01)]. More than 97 % of total iron was of plant origin. No differences in heme iron [0.85 mg/day (range: 0.09-4.07) vs. 0.96 mg/day (range: 0.04-4.34), p = 0.17] and vitamin C intake was observed between the groups. Iron indices of non-diabetic women were within the normal range. A higher level of sTfR and a lower level of hemoglobin in diabetic cases is suggestive of iron deficiency anaemia rather than iron overload.
Key words: Iron, iron deficiency anemia, T2 diabetes, menopause, ferritin, sTfR
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This cross-sectional comparative study was aimed at investigating the iron status of a group of post-menopausal women with and without diabetes. Thirty-five post-menopausal women in each group were selected purposively from among patients attending the out-patient department of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), a specialist hospital, and two of its satellite clinics, all in Dhaka. Patients were enrolled based on their existing records. The subjects were matched on age, menstrual status and fasting status at blood draw. Ferritin, serum soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR) and fasting plasma glucose were measured by standard methods. Dietary information was collected by a specific food frequency questionnaire. No significant difference in plasma ferritin [62.02 ng/ml, (range: 4.68-288.89) vs 54.25 ng/ml (range: 4.58-137.17); p =0.28] was observed between the groups. But a higher level of plasma sTfR was found in diabetic women [(21.12 nmol/l (range: 7.91-39.79) vs 17.63 nmol/l (range: 10.30-110.00); p <0.01]. TFR-F index showed no difference between diabetic and control ( p =0.25). Significantly a lower hemoglobin level [10.58±0.67 g/dl vs11.76±1.5 g/dl; p <0.01] was detected in diabetic women. Plasma sTfR (log) did not show any significant association with the dietary parameters and iron indices. No significant association between fasting glucose, ferritin and sTfR was seen except for haemoglobin (r=0.39, p =0.05). Total iron intake recorded was more than the requirement, and was significantly higher in control group [38.11mg/day (range: 19.83-105.63) vs 56.65 mg/day (range: 29.75-109.54); p <0.01)]. More than 97 % of total iron was of plant origin. No differences in heme iron [0.85 mg/day (range: 0.09-4.07) vs. 0.96 mg/day (range: 0.04-4.34), p = 0.17] and vitamin C intake was observed between the groups. Iron indices of non-diabetic women were within the normal range. A higher level of sTfR and a lower level of hemoglobin in diabetic cases is suggestive of iron deficiency anaemia rather than iron overload.
Key words: Iron, iron deficiency anemia, T2 diabetes, menopause, ferritin, sTfR
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Nutritional, Sensory and Physical Analysis of Pumpkin
Flour Incorporated into Weaning Mix
Usha R, Lakshmi M & Ranjani M
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to develop a cereal-pulse complementary food fortified with different concentrations of pumpkin powder ( Cucurbita moschata ), and to analyse its sensory and physic-chemical parameters. Fresh pumpkins ( Cucurbita moschata ) were procured from the market and dehydrated and powdered in the laboratory. Sorghum ( Sorghum vulgare ) and whole green gram ( Vigna radiate ) were germinated, dried, pulverised and combined with powdered rice (Oryza sativa) in the ratio of 2:1:1. Pumpkin powder was added to this mixture at 10%, 20% and 30% variations. The complementary weaning food mix was subjected to sensory analysis (appearance, colour, flavour, texture and overall acceptability) by semi-trained panelists. The mix was analysed for its moisture, energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fibre, beta-carotene and anti-oxidant content. Nutritional analysis of the weaning mix demonstrated that there was a significant increase in the protein, fibre, carbohydrate and antioxidant levels with an increase in concentration of pumpkin powder. The sensory analysis revealed that the complementary food mix with 20% pumpkin powder fortification had good sensory qualities.
Key words: Green gram, pumpkins, quality, rice, sorghum, weaning
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The objective of this study was to develop a cereal-pulse complementary food fortified with different concentrations of pumpkin powder ( Cucurbita moschata ), and to analyse its sensory and physic-chemical parameters. Fresh pumpkins ( Cucurbita moschata ) were procured from the market and dehydrated and powdered in the laboratory. Sorghum ( Sorghum vulgare ) and whole green gram ( Vigna radiate ) were germinated, dried, pulverised and combined with powdered rice (Oryza sativa) in the ratio of 2:1:1. Pumpkin powder was added to this mixture at 10%, 20% and 30% variations. The complementary weaning food mix was subjected to sensory analysis (appearance, colour, flavour, texture and overall acceptability) by semi-trained panelists. The mix was analysed for its moisture, energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fibre, beta-carotene and anti-oxidant content. Nutritional analysis of the weaning mix demonstrated that there was a significant increase in the protein, fibre, carbohydrate and antioxidant levels with an increase in concentration of pumpkin powder. The sensory analysis revealed that the complementary food mix with 20% pumpkin powder fortification had good sensory qualities.
Key words: Green gram, pumpkins, quality, rice, sorghum, weaning
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Preliminary Study of the Nutritional Content of Malaysian
Edible Bird’s Nest
Norhayati MK, Azman O & Wan Nazaimoon WM
ABSTRACT
Malaysian edible bird’s nests (EBN) are from the swiflet species, Aerodromus fuciphagus. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the nutrient composition of EBN obtained from different parts of Peninsular Malaysia, collected at three different harvesting seasons, to four commercial brands. A total of 18 raw, unprocessed EBN samples from the North, South and East Coast zones of Peninsular Malaysia and duplicate samples of 4 commercial brands (processed) of EBN samples were analysed. The protein and mineral contents of unprocessed EBN samples between zones and harvesting seasons were comparable . Mean (± SEM) protein content of unprocessed EBN was 61.5 ± 0.6 g/ 100g and the top four minerals detected were calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium with mean (± SEM) concentration of 553.1 ± 19.5 mg/100g, 187.9 ± 10.4 mg/100g, 92.9 ± 2.0 mg/100g and 6.3 ± 0.4 mg/100g respectively. Sialic acid content ranged between 0.7 to 1.5%, and remained comparable between samples from different zones and harvesting seasons. The commercial brands were found to contain higher amounts of calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus compared to unprocessed EBN, warranting further investigation and verification with more samples. Since the nutrient contents of EBN may be affected by seasonal variations and even breeding sites, it is recommended that a more comprehensive study be conducted involving more samples and breeding sites as such data are important to ensure sustainability of the EBN industry in this country.
Key words: Edible bird’s nest, Malaysia, protein, minerals, sialic acid
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Malaysian edible bird’s nests (EBN) are from the swiflet species, Aerodromus fuciphagus. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the nutrient composition of EBN obtained from different parts of Peninsular Malaysia, collected at three different harvesting seasons, to four commercial brands. A total of 18 raw, unprocessed EBN samples from the North, South and East Coast zones of Peninsular Malaysia and duplicate samples of 4 commercial brands (processed) of EBN samples were analysed. The protein and mineral contents of unprocessed EBN samples between zones and harvesting seasons were comparable . Mean (± SEM) protein content of unprocessed EBN was 61.5 ± 0.6 g/ 100g and the top four minerals detected were calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium with mean (± SEM) concentration of 553.1 ± 19.5 mg/100g, 187.9 ± 10.4 mg/100g, 92.9 ± 2.0 mg/100g and 6.3 ± 0.4 mg/100g respectively. Sialic acid content ranged between 0.7 to 1.5%, and remained comparable between samples from different zones and harvesting seasons. The commercial brands were found to contain higher amounts of calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus compared to unprocessed EBN, warranting further investigation and verification with more samples. Since the nutrient contents of EBN may be affected by seasonal variations and even breeding sites, it is recommended that a more comprehensive study be conducted involving more samples and breeding sites as such data are important to ensure sustainability of the EBN industry in this country.
Key words: Edible bird’s nest, Malaysia, protein, minerals, sialic acid
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Nutritional Content and Antioxidant Properties of Pulp
Waste from
Daucus carota
and
Beta vulgaris
Shyamala BN & Jamuna P
ABSTRACT
This study reports the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of pulp waste from two vegetables, carrot ( Daucus carota ) and beetroot ( Beta vulgaris ). Different in vitro assays used for determining antioxidant potential of extracts of pulp wastes were: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, reducing power and total antioxidant activity by phosphomolybdenum method. Total polyphenols, tannins and antioxidative components such as vitamin C, total carotenoids and â -carotene were analysed in the samples. The moisture content of samples ranged from 79 - 84%. The protein content was high in beetroot (13.23 mg/100g) and low in carrot (6.21mg/100g). Total polyphenols were higher in methanol extracts of samples (220-250 mg/100g) compared to ethanol and aqueous extracts. The antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH method exhibited 40% and 78% activity in methanol extracts of carrot and beetroot pulp waste (20 mg) respectively. Overall, the results suggest that carrot and beetroot pulp wastes can be exploited for their nutrients and antioxidant components and used for value addition in food formulations. Hence, these results pave the way for utilisation of bio-wastes from the food industry.
Key words: Anthocyanins, â -carotene, polyphenols, tannins, vegetables
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This study reports the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of pulp waste from two vegetables, carrot ( Daucus carota ) and beetroot ( Beta vulgaris ). Different in vitro assays used for determining antioxidant potential of extracts of pulp wastes were: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, reducing power and total antioxidant activity by phosphomolybdenum method. Total polyphenols, tannins and antioxidative components such as vitamin C, total carotenoids and â -carotene were analysed in the samples. The moisture content of samples ranged from 79 - 84%. The protein content was high in beetroot (13.23 mg/100g) and low in carrot (6.21mg/100g). Total polyphenols were higher in methanol extracts of samples (220-250 mg/100g) compared to ethanol and aqueous extracts. The antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH method exhibited 40% and 78% activity in methanol extracts of carrot and beetroot pulp waste (20 mg) respectively. Overall, the results suggest that carrot and beetroot pulp wastes can be exploited for their nutrients and antioxidant components and used for value addition in food formulations. Hence, these results pave the way for utilisation of bio-wastes from the food industry.
Key words: Anthocyanins, â -carotene, polyphenols, tannins, vegetables
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Effect of Dehulling and Cooking of Lentils (
Lens Culinaris,
L.)
on Serum Glucose and Lipoprotein Levels in
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Amro MH Al-Tibi, Hamed R Takruri & Mousa N Ahmad
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of lentils on serum glucose and serum lipid levels in diabetic rats. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, 12 weeks of age weighing 220-290g, were used. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin at a level of 35 mg/kg intra-peritoneally. The animals were randomly divided into five groups, eight animals each: a casein diet (control), raw whole lentil (RWL), cooked whole lentil (CWL), raw dehulled lentil (RDL) and cooked dehulled lentil (CDL). Animals were fed with experimental diets for six weeks, sacrificed and blood samples were taken. Serum glucose level of the CDL group (387.9 ± 53.3 mg/dl) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the control, RDL and RWL groups (529.0 ± 11.7, 538.6 ± 45.0, 542.1 ± 32.2 mg/dl respectively). In addition, HDL concentration of CWL group (66.3 ± 1.9 mg/dl) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of the control, RWL and RDL groups (54.9 ± 3.5, 50.8 ± 4.2, 54.0 ± 3.4 mg/dl respectively). However, there was no significant difference in serum glucose and serum HDL between the CDL and CWL groups. No significant differences ( p >0.05) were detected in triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol among the experimental groups. It is concluded that cooked lentils rather than raw lentils was more effective in lowering blood glucose and improving HDL cholesterol in diabetic rats. There was no difference between whole and dehulled lentils with regard to effects on blood glucose and HDL cholesterol levels.
Key words: Diabetes mellitus, lentils, lipids, serum glucose
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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of lentils on serum glucose and serum lipid levels in diabetic rats. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, 12 weeks of age weighing 220-290g, were used. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin at a level of 35 mg/kg intra-peritoneally. The animals were randomly divided into five groups, eight animals each: a casein diet (control), raw whole lentil (RWL), cooked whole lentil (CWL), raw dehulled lentil (RDL) and cooked dehulled lentil (CDL). Animals were fed with experimental diets for six weeks, sacrificed and blood samples were taken. Serum glucose level of the CDL group (387.9 ± 53.3 mg/dl) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the control, RDL and RWL groups (529.0 ± 11.7, 538.6 ± 45.0, 542.1 ± 32.2 mg/dl respectively). In addition, HDL concentration of CWL group (66.3 ± 1.9 mg/dl) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of the control, RWL and RDL groups (54.9 ± 3.5, 50.8 ± 4.2, 54.0 ± 3.4 mg/dl respectively). However, there was no significant difference in serum glucose and serum HDL between the CDL and CWL groups. No significant differences ( p >0.05) were detected in triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol among the experimental groups. It is concluded that cooked lentils rather than raw lentils was more effective in lowering blood glucose and improving HDL cholesterol in diabetic rats. There was no difference between whole and dehulled lentils with regard to effects on blood glucose and HDL cholesterol levels.
Key words: Diabetes mellitus, lentils, lipids, serum glucose
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Purslane Extract Effects on Obesity-Induced Diabetic Rats
Fed a High-Fat Diet
Abdalla Hussein M
ABSTRACT
Purslane extract in the form of ethanolic formulation is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanin, w-3 fatty acids and melatonin. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of purslane using obese diabetic rats. The rats received either regular diet, high-fat diet or high-fat diet with additional purslane (150 and 300 mg/kg body weight) for 8 weeks. Purslane, co-administered with a high fat diet, significantly inhibited body weight gain, blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, free fatty acids and the atherogenic index levels in a dose dependent manner. Purslane-treated rats at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight improved the insulin resistance index when compared to high fat diet control. In conclusion, purslane ethanolic extract showed effects indicative of potential anti-obesity and anti-diabetic actions in rats fed a high fat obesity-induced diet.
Key words: Atherogenic index, insulin resistance index, purslane
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Purslane extract in the form of ethanolic formulation is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanin, w-3 fatty acids and melatonin. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of purslane using obese diabetic rats. The rats received either regular diet, high-fat diet or high-fat diet with additional purslane (150 and 300 mg/kg body weight) for 8 weeks. Purslane, co-administered with a high fat diet, significantly inhibited body weight gain, blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, free fatty acids and the atherogenic index levels in a dose dependent manner. Purslane-treated rats at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight improved the insulin resistance index when compared to high fat diet control. In conclusion, purslane ethanolic extract showed effects indicative of potential anti-obesity and anti-diabetic actions in rats fed a high fat obesity-induced diet.
Key words: Atherogenic index, insulin resistance index, purslane
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Quality Assessment of Industrially Processed Fruit Juices
Available in Dhaka City, Bangladesh
Tasnim F
*
, Anwar Hossain M, Nusrath S, Kamal Hossain M, Lopa D
& Formuzul Haque KM
ABSTRACT
This study was performed to evaluate the nutritional and microbiological quality of industrially processed packed fruit juices of mango ( Mangifera indica) and orange (Citrus sinensis) from nine different manufacturing companies in Dhaka City. The highest quantity of total sugar (17.62%) and reducing sugar (9.99%) was recorded in mango juices while the lowest in orange juices (10.41% and 2.24% respectively) of different companies. In this study, protein contents were comparatively higher in mango juices than in orange juices. The pH of all samples varied from 3.50 ±0.10 to 4.70 ±0.05 . Vitamin C content was comparatively higher in mango juices . The levels of metals tested namely, arsenic, lead, copper and zinc in the juices were within the limits of Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI) for fruit juices. The microbiological qualities of all the products were within the limits of the Gulf standards (the recommended Microbiological Standards for any fruit juice sold in the Gulf Region). Based on the above results, it is suggested that processed juices be prepared under hygienic conditions.
Key words: Dhaka City, processed fruit juices, quality assessment
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This study was performed to evaluate the nutritional and microbiological quality of industrially processed packed fruit juices of mango ( Mangifera indica) and orange (Citrus sinensis) from nine different manufacturing companies in Dhaka City. The highest quantity of total sugar (17.62%) and reducing sugar (9.99%) was recorded in mango juices while the lowest in orange juices (10.41% and 2.24% respectively) of different companies. In this study, protein contents were comparatively higher in mango juices than in orange juices. The pH of all samples varied from 3.50 ±0.10 to 4.70 ±0.05 . Vitamin C content was comparatively higher in mango juices . The levels of metals tested namely, arsenic, lead, copper and zinc in the juices were within the limits of Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI) for fruit juices. The microbiological qualities of all the products were within the limits of the Gulf standards (the recommended Microbiological Standards for any fruit juice sold in the Gulf Region). Based on the above results, it is suggested that processed juices be prepared under hygienic conditions.
Key words: Dhaka City, processed fruit juices, quality assessment
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Effects of
Stenochlaena palustris
Leaf Extract on Growth and
Morphogenesis of Food Borne Pathogen,
Aspergillus niger
Sumathy V, Jothy Lachumy S, Zuraini Z, & Sasidharan S
ABSTRACT
Some synthetic preservatives have become controversial because they have been proven to cause health problems. These increased health concerns have led consumers to prefer food preservatives based on natural products. Hence, Stenochlaena palustris leaf extract was used in this study to evaluate the antifungal activity against food borne pathogen, Aspergillus niger . The value of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of leaf extract for this fungus grown on Potato Dextrose Agar medium was 50 mg/ml. IC 50 value for the hyphal growth of A. niger was at a concentration of 17.41 mg/ml. Morphology changes of A. niger treated with the fern leaf extract was observed through scanning electron microscope. The thread-like and elongated hyphae cell wall was disrupted, with some appearing flattened and others being broken. Currently, there is growing interest in using natural food preservatives such as medicinal plant extracts for preserving foods to reduce outbreaks of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms. Hence, S. palustris appears to have promise as a safe alternative natural product-based food preservative for future generations.
Key words: Antifungal activity, Aspergillus niger, edible fern, food preservative, Stenochlaena palustris
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Some synthetic preservatives have become controversial because they have been proven to cause health problems. These increased health concerns have led consumers to prefer food preservatives based on natural products. Hence, Stenochlaena palustris leaf extract was used in this study to evaluate the antifungal activity against food borne pathogen, Aspergillus niger . The value of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of leaf extract for this fungus grown on Potato Dextrose Agar medium was 50 mg/ml. IC 50 value for the hyphal growth of A. niger was at a concentration of 17.41 mg/ml. Morphology changes of A. niger treated with the fern leaf extract was observed through scanning electron microscope. The thread-like and elongated hyphae cell wall was disrupted, with some appearing flattened and others being broken. Currently, there is growing interest in using natural food preservatives such as medicinal plant extracts for preserving foods to reduce outbreaks of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms. Hence, S. palustris appears to have promise as a safe alternative natural product-based food preservative for future generations.
Key words: Antifungal activity, Aspergillus niger, edible fern, food preservative, Stenochlaena palustris
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The Utility of a New Index for Adiposity among
Pre-school Children
Biswas S & Bose K
ABSTRACT
Obesity in children is a cause for concern because it may predict adult obesity and increased risk of coronary heart disease in adult life. Adiposity in pre- school children is measured by different conventional indices. The aim of the present study was to measure the indicators of abdominal adiposity – waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHTR), conicity index (CI) and a newly proposed body mass abdominal index (BMAI), and to assess the relationship of these with overall adiposity as measured by body mass index (BMI). The study was conducted on 2,016 rural pre-school children (930 boys and 1,086 girls), aged 3-5 years from randomly selected 66 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) centres in the Nadia District of West Bengal, India. Results showed significant correlations for all adiposity measures with BMI in both sexes. A noteworthy point was that the correlations were strongest ( p < 0.01) with BMAI (boys: r = 0.856, girls: r = 0.868, sex-combined: r = 0.863). Results of linear regression of adiposity measures with BMI revealed that BMAI had the strongest significant impact (t = 76.729) on BMI. Moreover, this new index accounted for 74.5% of variations in BMI. In conclusion, our results provide evidence for the use of body mass abdominal index (BMAI) as a good indicator of overall adiposity (BMI). More studies should be undertaken including its validation with other direct measures of adiposity.
Key words: A diposity, body mass abdominal index, p re-school children
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Obesity in children is a cause for concern because it may predict adult obesity and increased risk of coronary heart disease in adult life. Adiposity in pre- school children is measured by different conventional indices. The aim of the present study was to measure the indicators of abdominal adiposity – waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHTR), conicity index (CI) and a newly proposed body mass abdominal index (BMAI), and to assess the relationship of these with overall adiposity as measured by body mass index (BMI). The study was conducted on 2,016 rural pre-school children (930 boys and 1,086 girls), aged 3-5 years from randomly selected 66 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) centres in the Nadia District of West Bengal, India. Results showed significant correlations for all adiposity measures with BMI in both sexes. A noteworthy point was that the correlations were strongest ( p < 0.01) with BMAI (boys: r = 0.856, girls: r = 0.868, sex-combined: r = 0.863). Results of linear regression of adiposity measures with BMI revealed that BMAI had the strongest significant impact (t = 76.729) on BMI. Moreover, this new index accounted for 74.5% of variations in BMI. In conclusion, our results provide evidence for the use of body mass abdominal index (BMAI) as a good indicator of overall adiposity (BMI). More studies should be undertaken including its validation with other direct measures of adiposity.
Key words: A diposity, body mass abdominal index, p re-school children
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